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The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study.

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Title: The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study.
Authors: Jourde, Hugo R. (AUTHOR), Merlo, Raphaëlle (AUTHOR), Brooks, Mary (AUTHOR), Rowe, Meredith (AUTHOR), Coffey, Emily B. J. (AUTHOR)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience. Feb2024, Vol. 59 Issue 4, p613-640. 28p.
Subjects: Sleep spindles, Acoustic stimulation, Magnetoencephalography, Brain stimulation, Sleep stages, Neurophysiology, Auditory cortex, Sleep
Abstract: Closed‐loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) is a brain modulation technique in which sounds are timed to enhance or disrupt endogenous neurophysiological events. CLAS of slow oscillation up‐states in sleep is becoming a popular tool to study and enhance sleep's functions, as it increases slow oscillations, evokes sleep spindles and enhances memory consolidation of certain tasks. However, few studies have examined the specific neurophysiological mechanisms involved in CLAS, in part because of practical limitations to available tools. To evaluate evidence for possible models of how sound stimulation during brain up‐states alters brain activity, we simultaneously recorded electro‐ and magnetoencephalography in human participants who received auditory stimulation across sleep stages. We conducted a series of analyses that test different models of pathways through which CLAS of slow oscillations may affect widespread neural activity that have been suggested in literature, using spatial information, timing and phase relationships in the source‐localized magnetoencephalography data. The results suggest that auditory information reaches ventral frontal lobe areas via non‐lemniscal pathways. From there, a slow oscillation is created and propagated. We demonstrate that while the state of excitability of tissue in auditory cortex and frontal ventral regions shows some synchrony with the electroencephalography (EEG)‐recorded up‐states that are commonly used for CLAS, it is the state of ventral frontal regions that is most critical for slow oscillation generation. Our findings advance models of how CLAS leads to enhancement of slow oscillations, sleep spindles and associated cognitive benefits and offer insight into how the effectiveness of brain stimulation techniques can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jourde%2C+Hugo+R%2E%22">Jourde, Hugo R.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Merlo%2C+Raphaëlle%22">Merlo, Raphaëlle</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brooks%2C+Mary%22">Brooks, Mary</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rowe%2C+Meredith%22">Rowe, Meredith</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Coffey%2C+Emily+B%2E+J%2E%22">Coffey, Emily B. J.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Journal+of+Neuroscience%22">European Journal of Neuroscience</searchLink>. Feb2024, Vol. 59 Issue 4, p613-640. 28p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sleep+spindles%22">Sleep spindles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Acoustic+stimulation%22">Acoustic stimulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetoencephalography%22">Magnetoencephalography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+stimulation%22">Brain stimulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sleep+stages%22">Sleep stages</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurophysiology%22">Neurophysiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Auditory+cortex%22">Auditory cortex</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sleep%22">Sleep</searchLink>
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  Data: Closed‐loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) is a brain modulation technique in which sounds are timed to enhance or disrupt endogenous neurophysiological events. CLAS of slow oscillation up‐states in sleep is becoming a popular tool to study and enhance sleep's functions, as it increases slow oscillations, evokes sleep spindles and enhances memory consolidation of certain tasks. However, few studies have examined the specific neurophysiological mechanisms involved in CLAS, in part because of practical limitations to available tools. To evaluate evidence for possible models of how sound stimulation during brain up‐states alters brain activity, we simultaneously recorded electro‐ and magnetoencephalography in human participants who received auditory stimulation across sleep stages. We conducted a series of analyses that test different models of pathways through which CLAS of slow oscillations may affect widespread neural activity that have been suggested in literature, using spatial information, timing and phase relationships in the source‐localized magnetoencephalography data. The results suggest that auditory information reaches ventral frontal lobe areas via non‐lemniscal pathways. From there, a slow oscillation is created and propagated. We demonstrate that while the state of excitability of tissue in auditory cortex and frontal ventral regions shows some synchrony with the electroencephalography (EEG)‐recorded up‐states that are commonly used for CLAS, it is the state of ventral frontal regions that is most critical for slow oscillation generation. Our findings advance models of how CLAS leads to enhancement of slow oscillations, sleep spindles and associated cognitive benefits and offer insight into how the effectiveness of brain stimulation techniques can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of European Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
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      – SubjectFull: Magnetoencephalography
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      – SubjectFull: Sleep stages
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      – SubjectFull: Auditory cortex
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sleep
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      – TitleFull: The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study.
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              Text: Feb2024
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