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A quantitative review of competing learning slope metrics: effects of age, sex, and clinical diagnosis.

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Title: A quantitative review of competing learning slope metrics: effects of age, sex, and clinical diagnosis.
Authors: Spencer, Robert J. (AUTHOR), Williams, Trevor F. (AUTHOR), Kordovski, Victoria M. (AUTHOR), Patrick, Sarah D. (AUTHOR), Lengu, Ketrin (AUTHOR), Gradwohl, Brian D. (AUTHOR), Hammers, Dustin B. (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology. Sep2023, Vol. 45 Issue 7, p744-757. 14p.
Subjects: Epilepsy, Verbal learning, Auditory learning, Alzheimer's disease, Brain injuries, Memory testing
Abstract: In learning and memory tests that involve multiple presentations of the same material, learning slope refers to the degree to which examinees improve performances over successive learning trials. We aimed to quantitatively review the traditional raw learning slope (RLS), and the newly created learning ratio (LR) to understand the effects of demographic variables and clinical diagnoses on learning slope (e.g., limited improvement over multiple trials), and to develop demographically sensitive norms. A systematic literature search was conducted to evaluate the potential for these aims to be examined across the most popular contemporary multi-trial learning tests. Two databases were searched. Following this, hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine how demographic variables predict learning slope indices. These results were in turn used to contrast the performance of clinical groups with the predicted performance of demographically similar healthy controls. Finally, preliminary normative estimates for learning slope indices were presented. A total of 82 studies met criteria for inclusion in this study. However, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) was the only test to have sufficient trial-level learning and demographic data. Fifty-eight samples from 19 studies were quantitatively examined. Hierarchical linear models provided evidence of sex differences and a curvilinear decline in learning slope with age, with strongest and most consistent effects for LR relative to RLS. Regression-based norms for demographically corrected RLS and LR scores for the RAVLT are presented. The effect of clinical diagnoses was consistently stronger for LR, and Alzheimer's disease had the strongest effect, followed by invalid performances, severe traumatic brain injury, and seizures/epilepsy. Overall, LR enjoys both conceptual and demonstrated psychometric advantages over RLS. Replication of these findings can be completed by reanalyzing existing datasets. Further work may focus on the utility of using LR in diagnosis and prediction of clinical prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: A quantitative review of competing learning slope metrics: effects of age, sex, and clinical diagnosis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Spencer%2C+Robert+J%2E%22">Spencer, Robert J.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Williams%2C+Trevor+F%2E%22">Williams, Trevor F.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kordovski%2C+Victoria+M%2E%22">Kordovski, Victoria M.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Patrick%2C+Sarah+D%2E%22">Patrick, Sarah D.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lengu%2C+Ketrin%22">Lengu, Ketrin</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gradwohl%2C+Brian+D%2E%22">Gradwohl, Brian D.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hammers%2C+Dustin+B%2E%22">Hammers, Dustin B.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Clinical+%26+Experimental+Neuropsychology%22">Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology</searchLink>. Sep2023, Vol. 45 Issue 7, p744-757. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Epilepsy%22">Epilepsy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Verbal+learning%22">Verbal learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Auditory+learning%22">Auditory learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alzheimer's+disease%22">Alzheimer's disease</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+injuries%22">Brain injuries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Memory+testing%22">Memory testing</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: In learning and memory tests that involve multiple presentations of the same material, learning slope refers to the degree to which examinees improve performances over successive learning trials. We aimed to quantitatively review the traditional raw learning slope (RLS), and the newly created learning ratio (LR) to understand the effects of demographic variables and clinical diagnoses on learning slope (e.g., limited improvement over multiple trials), and to develop demographically sensitive norms. A systematic literature search was conducted to evaluate the potential for these aims to be examined across the most popular contemporary multi-trial learning tests. Two databases were searched. Following this, hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine how demographic variables predict learning slope indices. These results were in turn used to contrast the performance of clinical groups with the predicted performance of demographically similar healthy controls. Finally, preliminary normative estimates for learning slope indices were presented. A total of 82 studies met criteria for inclusion in this study. However, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) was the only test to have sufficient trial-level learning and demographic data. Fifty-eight samples from 19 studies were quantitatively examined. Hierarchical linear models provided evidence of sex differences and a curvilinear decline in learning slope with age, with strongest and most consistent effects for LR relative to RLS. Regression-based norms for demographically corrected RLS and LR scores for the RAVLT are presented. The effect of clinical diagnoses was consistently stronger for LR, and Alzheimer's disease had the strongest effect, followed by invalid performances, severe traumatic brain injury, and seizures/epilepsy. Overall, LR enjoys both conceptual and demonstrated psychometric advantages over RLS. Replication of these findings can be completed by reanalyzing existing datasets. Further work may focus on the utility of using LR in diagnosis and prediction of clinical prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              Text: Sep2023
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