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The protective role of interaction between vitamin D, sex hormones and calcium in multiple sclerosis.

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Title: The protective role of interaction between vitamin D, sex hormones and calcium in multiple sclerosis.
Authors: Haghmorad, Dariush (AUTHOR), Soltanmohammadi, Azita (AUTHOR), Jadid Tavaf, Maryam (AUTHOR), Zargarani, Simin (AUTHOR), Yazdanpanah, Esmaeil (AUTHOR), Shadab, Alireza (AUTHOR), Yousefi, Bahman (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Neuroscience. Jul2024, Vol. 134 Issue 7, p735-753. 19p.
Subjects: Vitamin D, Sex hormones, Autoimmune diseases, Multiple sclerosis, Th2 cells, Th1 cells
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes disability and paralysis, especially among young adults. Although interactions of several factors, such as viral infections, autoimmunity, genetic and environmental factors, performance a role in the beginning and progression of the disease, the exact cause of MS is unknown to date. Different immune cells such as Th1 and Th17 play an impressive role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, while, regulatory cells such as Th2 and Treg diminish the severity of the illness. Sex hormones have a vital role in many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone have various roles in the progress of MS, which higher prevalence of disease in women and more severe in men reveals the importance of sex hormones' role in this disease. Vitamin D after chemical changes in the body, as an active hormone called calcitriol, plays an important role in regulating immune responses and improves MS by modulating the immune system. The optimum level of calcium in the body with vitamin D modulates immune responses and calcium as an essential ion in the body plays a key role in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The interaction between vitamin D and sex hormones has protective and therapeutic effects against MS and functional synergy between estrogen and calcitriol occurs in disease recovery. Moreover, vitamin D and calcium interact with each other to regulate the immune system and shift them to anti-inflammatory responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
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  Data: The protective role of interaction between vitamin D, sex hormones and calcium in multiple sclerosis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haghmorad%2C+Dariush%22">Haghmorad, Dariush</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Soltanmohammadi%2C+Azita%22">Soltanmohammadi, Azita</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jadid+Tavaf%2C+Maryam%22">Jadid Tavaf, Maryam</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zargarani%2C+Simin%22">Zargarani, Simin</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yazdanpanah%2C+Esmaeil%22">Yazdanpanah, Esmaeil</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shadab%2C+Alireza%22">Shadab, Alireza</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yousefi%2C+Bahman%22">Yousefi, Bahman</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Neuroscience%22">International Journal of Neuroscience</searchLink>. Jul2024, Vol. 134 Issue 7, p735-753. 19p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vitamin+D%22">Vitamin D</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+hormones%22">Sex hormones</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Autoimmune+diseases%22">Autoimmune diseases</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multiple+sclerosis%22">Multiple sclerosis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Th2+cells%22">Th2 cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Th1+cells%22">Th1 cells</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes disability and paralysis, especially among young adults. Although interactions of several factors, such as viral infections, autoimmunity, genetic and environmental factors, performance a role in the beginning and progression of the disease, the exact cause of MS is unknown to date. Different immune cells such as Th1 and Th17 play an impressive role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, while, regulatory cells such as Th2 and Treg diminish the severity of the illness. Sex hormones have a vital role in many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone have various roles in the progress of MS, which higher prevalence of disease in women and more severe in men reveals the importance of sex hormones' role in this disease. Vitamin D after chemical changes in the body, as an active hormone called calcitriol, plays an important role in regulating immune responses and improves MS by modulating the immune system. The optimum level of calcium in the body with vitamin D modulates immune responses and calcium as an essential ion in the body plays a key role in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The interaction between vitamin D and sex hormones has protective and therapeutic effects against MS and functional synergy between estrogen and calcitriol occurs in disease recovery. Moreover, vitamin D and calcium interact with each other to regulate the immune system and shift them to anti-inflammatory responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2147431
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
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      – SubjectFull: Vitamin D
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sex hormones
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Autoimmune diseases
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      – SubjectFull: Multiple sclerosis
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      – SubjectFull: Th2 cells
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      – SubjectFull: Th1 cells
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      – TitleFull: The protective role of interaction between vitamin D, sex hormones and calcium in multiple sclerosis.
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              Text: Jul2024
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              Y: 2024
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