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Persistent intracranial steno-occlusion from calcified embolism: a treatment challenge.

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Title: Persistent intracranial steno-occlusion from calcified embolism: a treatment challenge.
Authors: Zedde, Marialuisa (AUTHOR), Grisendi, Ilaria (AUTHOR), Assenza, Federica (AUTHOR), Napoli, Manuela (AUTHOR), Moratti, Claudio (AUTHOR), Di Cecco, Giovanna (AUTHOR), Pavone, Claudio (AUTHOR), Bonacini, Lara (AUTHOR), D'Aniello, Serena (AUTHOR), Valzania, Franco (AUTHOR), Pascarella, Rosario (AUTHOR)
Source: Neurological Sciences. Aug2024, Vol. 45 Issue 8, p4037-4042. 6p.
Subjects: Embolisms, Ischemic stroke, Heart valve diseases, Endovascular surgery, Thoracic aorta, Lacunar stroke, Gas embolism
Abstract: Introduction: Calcified arterial cerebral embolism is a rare occurrence among large and medium vessel occlusions causing ischemic stroke and its diagnosis and treatment is a challenge. The sources of calcified embolism might be a calcific atheroma from the aortic arch and carotid artery, but also heart valve disease has been reported in the literature. Calcified embolism is frequently simultaneous on multiple vascular territories. The prognosis of patients is usually poor, including patients treated by using endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) and this diagnosis could be easily missed in the acute phase. In addition, the optimal secondary prevention has not been yet fully stated. Methods: We are presenting two cases of acute stroke due to calcified embolism in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) coming from a complicated carotid atheroma, non-stenosing in the first case (a 49 years old man) and stenosing in the second case (a 71 years old man) without clinical indications to intravenous thrombolysis and/or EVT, extensively investigated in the acute phase and followed-up for over 12 months with a favorable clinical course and the persisting steno-occlusion in the involved MCA. In both cases, antiplatelet treatment and targeting of vascular risk factors were done without recurrences in the follow-up period. Discussion: Cerebral calcified embolism has been reported in 5.9% of cases of acute ischemic stroke in a single center series and only in 1.2% of a large retrospective cohort of EVT-treated patients. In both series the prognosis was poor and only one third of EVT-treated patients had functional independence at 3-months follow-up. The natural history of these subtype of ischemic stroke is relatively poorly understood and both etiological diagnosis and treatment have not yet defined. It is possible that some cases might be underdiagnosed and underreported. Conclusions: Calcified cerebral embolism is a rare cause of stroke, but it is largely underreported and both acute phase and secondary preventive treatment have to be defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Neurological Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Persistent intracranial steno-occlusion from calcified embolism: a treatment challenge.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zedde%2C+Marialuisa%22">Zedde, Marialuisa</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Grisendi%2C+Ilaria%22">Grisendi, Ilaria</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Assenza%2C+Federica%22">Assenza, Federica</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Napoli%2C+Manuela%22">Napoli, Manuela</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moratti%2C+Claudio%22">Moratti, Claudio</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Di+Cecco%2C+Giovanna%22">Di Cecco, Giovanna</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pavone%2C+Claudio%22">Pavone, Claudio</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bonacini%2C+Lara%22">Bonacini, Lara</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22D'Aniello%2C+Serena%22">D'Aniello, Serena</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Valzania%2C+Franco%22">Valzania, Franco</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pascarella%2C+Rosario%22">Pascarella, Rosario</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Neurological+Sciences%22">Neurological Sciences</searchLink>. Aug2024, Vol. 45 Issue 8, p4037-4042. 6p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Embolisms%22">Embolisms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ischemic+stroke%22">Ischemic stroke</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heart+valve+diseases%22">Heart valve diseases</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Endovascular+surgery%22">Endovascular surgery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thoracic+aorta%22">Thoracic aorta</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lacunar+stroke%22">Lacunar stroke</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gas+embolism%22">Gas embolism</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Introduction: Calcified arterial cerebral embolism is a rare occurrence among large and medium vessel occlusions causing ischemic stroke and its diagnosis and treatment is a challenge. The sources of calcified embolism might be a calcific atheroma from the aortic arch and carotid artery, but also heart valve disease has been reported in the literature. Calcified embolism is frequently simultaneous on multiple vascular territories. The prognosis of patients is usually poor, including patients treated by using endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) and this diagnosis could be easily missed in the acute phase. In addition, the optimal secondary prevention has not been yet fully stated. Methods: We are presenting two cases of acute stroke due to calcified embolism in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) coming from a complicated carotid atheroma, non-stenosing in the first case (a 49 years old man) and stenosing in the second case (a 71 years old man) without clinical indications to intravenous thrombolysis and/or EVT, extensively investigated in the acute phase and followed-up for over 12 months with a favorable clinical course and the persisting steno-occlusion in the involved MCA. In both cases, antiplatelet treatment and targeting of vascular risk factors were done without recurrences in the follow-up period. Discussion: Cerebral calcified embolism has been reported in 5.9% of cases of acute ischemic stroke in a single center series and only in 1.2% of a large retrospective cohort of EVT-treated patients. In both series the prognosis was poor and only one third of EVT-treated patients had functional independence at 3-months follow-up. The natural history of these subtype of ischemic stroke is relatively poorly understood and both etiological diagnosis and treatment have not yet defined. It is possible that some cases might be underdiagnosed and underreported. Conclusions: Calcified cerebral embolism is a rare cause of stroke, but it is largely underreported and both acute phase and secondary preventive treatment have to be defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Neurological Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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