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Gender diversity is correlated with dimensional neurodivergent traits but not categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses in children.

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Title: Gender diversity is correlated with dimensional neurodivergent traits but not categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses in children.
Authors: Mo, Kelly, Anagnostou, Evdokia, Lerch, Jason P., Taylor, Margot J., VanderLaan, Doug P., Szatmari, Peter, Crosbie, Jennifer, Nicolson, Robert, Georgiadis, Stelios, Kelley, Elizabeth, Ayub, Muhammad, Brian, Jessica, Lai, Meng‐Chuan, Palmert, Mark R.
Source: Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. Sep2024, Vol. 65 Issue 9, p1223-1236. 14p.
Subjects: Diagnosis of autism, Gender-nonconforming people, Cross-sectional method, Gender identity, Child psychopathology, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Academic medical centers, Puberty, Neurodiversity, Gender affirming care, Questionnaires, Descriptive statistics, Internalizing behavior, Age distribution, Impulsive personality, Behavior disorders in children, Communication, Asperger's syndrome, Interpersonal relations, Externalizing behavior, Regression analysis, Assigned gender, Children
Geographic Terms: New York (State)
Abstract: Background: Gender clinic and single‐item questionnaire‐based data report increased co‐occurrence of gender diversity and neurodevelopmental conditions. The nuances of these associations are under‐studied. We used a transdiagnostic approach, combining categorical and dimensional characterization of neurodiversity, to further the understanding of its associations with gender diversity in identity and expression in children. Methods: Data from 291 children (Autism N = 104, ADHD N = 104, Autism + ADHD N = 17, neurotypical N = 66) aged 4–12 years enrolled in the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental Network were analyzed. Gender diversity was measured multi‐dimensionally using a well‐validated parent‐report instrument, the Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children (GIQC). We used gamma regression models to determine the significant correlates of gender diversity among age, puberty, sex‐assigned‐at‐birth, categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses, and dimensional neurodivergent traits (using the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scales). Internalizing and externalizing problems were included as covariates. Results: Neither a categorical diagnosis of autism nor ADHD significantly correlated with current GIQC‐derived scores. Instead, higher early‐childhood dimensional autistic social‐communication traits correlated with higher current overall gender incongruence (as defined by GIQC‐14 score). This correlation was potentially moderated by sex‐assigned‐at‐birth: greater early‐childhood autistic social‐communication traits were associated with higher current overall gender incongruence in assigned‐males‐at‐birth, but not assigned‐females‐at‐birth. For fine‐grained gender diversity domains, greater autistic restricted‐repetitive behavior traits were associated with greater diversity in gender identity across sexes‐assigned‐at‐birth; greater autistic social‐communication traits were associated with lower stereotypical male expression across sexes‐assigned‐at‐birth. Conclusions: Dimensional autistic traits, rather than ADHD traits or categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses, were associated with gender diversity domains across neurodivergent and neurotypical children. The association between early‐childhood autistic social‐communication traits and overall current gender diversity was most evident in assigned‐males‐at‐birth. Nuanced interrelationships between neurodivergence and gender diversity should be better understood to clarify developmental links and to offer tailored support for neurodivergent and gender‐diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Gender diversity is correlated with dimensional neurodivergent traits but not categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses in children.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mo%2C+Kelly%22">Mo, Kelly</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anagnostou%2C+Evdokia%22">Anagnostou, Evdokia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lerch%2C+Jason+P%2E%22">Lerch, Jason P.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Taylor%2C+Margot+J%2E%22">Taylor, Margot J.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22VanderLaan%2C+Doug+P%2E%22">VanderLaan, Doug P.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szatmari%2C+Peter%22">Szatmari, Peter</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Crosbie%2C+Jennifer%22">Crosbie, Jennifer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nicolson%2C+Robert%22">Nicolson, Robert</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Georgiadis%2C+Stelios%22">Georgiadis, Stelios</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kelley%2C+Elizabeth%22">Kelley, Elizabeth</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ayub%2C+Muhammad%22">Ayub, Muhammad</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brian%2C+Jessica%22">Brian, Jessica</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lai%2C+Meng‐Chuan%22">Lai, Meng‐Chuan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Palmert%2C+Mark+R%2E%22">Palmert, Mark R.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Child+Psychology+%26+Psychiatry%22">Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry</searchLink>. Sep2024, Vol. 65 Issue 9, p1223-1236. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diagnosis+of+autism%22">Diagnosis of autism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender-nonconforming+people%22">Gender-nonconforming people</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cross-sectional+method%22">Cross-sectional method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+identity%22">Gender identity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+psychopathology%22">Child psychopathology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention-deficit+hyperactivity+disorder%22">Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Academic+medical+centers%22">Academic medical centers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Puberty%22">Puberty</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurodiversity%22">Neurodiversity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+affirming+care%22">Gender affirming care</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Questionnaires%22">Questionnaires</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internalizing+behavior%22">Internalizing behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+distribution%22">Age distribution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Impulsive+personality%22">Impulsive personality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+disorders+in+children%22">Behavior disorders in children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Communication%22">Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Asperger's+syndrome%22">Asperger's syndrome</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+relations%22">Interpersonal relations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Externalizing+behavior%22">Externalizing behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regression+analysis%22">Regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Assigned+gender%22">Assigned gender</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22New+York+%28State%29%22">New York (State)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background: Gender clinic and single‐item questionnaire‐based data report increased co‐occurrence of gender diversity and neurodevelopmental conditions. The nuances of these associations are under‐studied. We used a transdiagnostic approach, combining categorical and dimensional characterization of neurodiversity, to further the understanding of its associations with gender diversity in identity and expression in children. Methods: Data from 291 children (Autism N = 104, ADHD N = 104, Autism + ADHD N = 17, neurotypical N = 66) aged 4–12 years enrolled in the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental Network were analyzed. Gender diversity was measured multi‐dimensionally using a well‐validated parent‐report instrument, the Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children (GIQC). We used gamma regression models to determine the significant correlates of gender diversity among age, puberty, sex‐assigned‐at‐birth, categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses, and dimensional neurodivergent traits (using the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scales). Internalizing and externalizing problems were included as covariates. Results: Neither a categorical diagnosis of autism nor ADHD significantly correlated with current GIQC‐derived scores. Instead, higher early‐childhood dimensional autistic social‐communication traits correlated with higher current overall gender incongruence (as defined by GIQC‐14 score). This correlation was potentially moderated by sex‐assigned‐at‐birth: greater early‐childhood autistic social‐communication traits were associated with higher current overall gender incongruence in assigned‐males‐at‐birth, but not assigned‐females‐at‐birth. For fine‐grained gender diversity domains, greater autistic restricted‐repetitive behavior traits were associated with greater diversity in gender identity across sexes‐assigned‐at‐birth; greater autistic social‐communication traits were associated with lower stereotypical male expression across sexes‐assigned‐at‐birth. Conclusions: Dimensional autistic traits, rather than ADHD traits or categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses, were associated with gender diversity domains across neurodivergent and neurotypical children. The association between early‐childhood autistic social‐communication traits and overall current gender diversity was most evident in assigned‐males‐at‐birth. Nuanced interrelationships between neurodivergence and gender diversity should be better understood to clarify developmental links and to offer tailored support for neurodivergent and gender‐diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/jcpp.13965
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
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      – SubjectFull: Diagnosis of autism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gender-nonconforming people
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      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
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      – SubjectFull: Gender identity
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      – SubjectFull: Child psychopathology
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      – SubjectFull: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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      – SubjectFull: Gender affirming care
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Internalizing behavior
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      – SubjectFull: New York (State)
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      – TitleFull: Gender diversity is correlated with dimensional neurodivergent traits but not categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses in children.
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              Text: Sep2024
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