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Is the development of diversification in executive functioning universal? Longitudinal evidence from Ghana.

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Title: Is the development of diversification in executive functioning universal? Longitudinal evidence from Ghana.
Authors: Modrek, Anahid S. (AUTHOR), Wolf, Sharon (AUTHOR)
Source: Social Development. Nov2024, Vol. 33 Issue 4, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Executive function, Cognitive flexibility, Confirmatory factor analysis, Child development, Factor analysis
Abstract: The component structure of executive functioning (EF) has been shown to change across development. Empirical research examining this in Sub‐Saharan Africa is limited. We report the development of EF component structure with a large sample of Ghanaian children (n = 2,979) followed longitudinally from ages 3 through 12 across six waves. Existing literature suggests unitary models of EF (components loading onto a single factor) early in childhood, with development across childhood and into adolescence resulting in a more diversified EF model (components loading onto two‐ or three‐factors). To test these developmental differences, participants completed EF batteries that measured EF components: working memory, short‐term memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility/shifting. We employed confirmatory factor analysis to test factor models in 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds, 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds, 7‐ to 9‐year‐olds, and 10‐ to 12‐year‐olds. Contrary to existing literature, a two‐factor EF model best explained EF performance as early as 3–4 years of age. Findings suggest that diversification of EF components may emerge earlier in childhood than expected in some contexts, questioning the universality in the timing of unification and diversification of EF structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Social Development is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Is the development of diversification in executive functioning universal? Longitudinal evidence from Ghana.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Modrek%2C+Anahid+S%2E%22">Modrek, Anahid S.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wolf%2C+Sharon%22">Wolf, Sharon</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Social+Development%22">Social Development</searchLink>. Nov2024, Vol. 33 Issue 4, p1-17. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Executive+function%22">Executive function</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognitive+flexibility%22">Cognitive flexibility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confirmatory+factor+analysis%22">Confirmatory factor analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+development%22">Child development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Factor+analysis%22">Factor analysis</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The component structure of executive functioning (EF) has been shown to change across development. Empirical research examining this in Sub‐Saharan Africa is limited. We report the development of EF component structure with a large sample of Ghanaian children (n = 2,979) followed longitudinally from ages 3 through 12 across six waves. Existing literature suggests unitary models of EF (components loading onto a single factor) early in childhood, with development across childhood and into adolescence resulting in a more diversified EF model (components loading onto two‐ or three‐factors). To test these developmental differences, participants completed EF batteries that measured EF components: working memory, short‐term memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility/shifting. We employed confirmatory factor analysis to test factor models in 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds, 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds, 7‐ to 9‐year‐olds, and 10‐ to 12‐year‐olds. Contrary to existing literature, a two‐factor EF model best explained EF performance as early as 3–4 years of age. Findings suggest that diversification of EF components may emerge earlier in childhood than expected in some contexts, questioning the universality in the timing of unification and diversification of EF structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Social Development is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/sode.12764
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Executive function
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognitive flexibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confirmatory factor analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Child development
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      – SubjectFull: Factor analysis
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              Text: Nov2024
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              Y: 2024
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