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Viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non‐presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users.

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Title: Viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non‐presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users.
Authors: Naipal, Shivani (AUTHOR), Khumalo, Nqobile (AUTHOR), Rahmtoola, Muhammad (AUTHOR), Chagi, Sinoxolo (AUTHOR), Didi, Luyanda (AUTHOR), Mthethwa, Sandile (AUTHOR), Ndhlovu, Simmy (AUTHOR), Persadh, Bhavna (AUTHOR), Rampersad, Nishanee (AUTHOR)
Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. Jan2025, Vol. 45 Issue 1, p269-279. 11p.
Subjects: Computer vision, Digital technology, Websites, Quantitative research, Text messages
Abstract: Purpose: Smartphones are the most frequently used digital devices globally with ~6.80 billion users. Despite the ubiquitous use of smartphones, limited information is known on the preferred viewing distance and font size of smartphone users. This study investigated viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non‐presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users. Methods: In this quantitative research study, viewing distance and font size were measured in a group of non‐presbyopes (n = 107) and presbyopes (n = 53), whilst participants viewed a text message and a web page on their own smartphone. Subjects also responded to a verbal questionnaire related to the characteristics of their smartphone and the computer vision syndrome questionnaire to assess symptoms of eyestrain. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: For the total sample, the mean viewing distance for a text message was 37.13 ± 8.82 cm (median 36.00 cm), and for a web page was 36.11 ± 7.98 cm (median 36.00 cm). Presbyopes had longer median viewing distances compared with non‐presbyopes for a text message (41 cm vs. 34 cm, p < 0.001) and web page (40 cm vs. 34 cm, p < 0.001). The font size for non‐presbyopes were <1.0 M whilst for presbyopes were >1.2 M. More than twice the percentage of non‐presbyopes were classified with digital eyestrain (DES) compared with presbyopes. Conclusions: Non‐presbyopes used shorter viewing distances, smaller font sizes and were more predisposed to DES than presbyopes. The viewing distances adopted by presbyopes were similar to the conventional near‐working distance of 40 cm. Eye care practitioners should consider viewing distances when assessing near‐visual functions and prescribing a near refractive correction, particularly in non‐presbyopes. There should be greater awareness of the importance of adopting appropriate viewing distances when using smartphones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non‐presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users.
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: Smartphones are the most frequently used digital devices globally with ~6.80 billion users. Despite the ubiquitous use of smartphones, limited information is known on the preferred viewing distance and font size of smartphone users. This study investigated viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non‐presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users. Methods: In this quantitative research study, viewing distance and font size were measured in a group of non‐presbyopes (n = 107) and presbyopes (n = 53), whilst participants viewed a text message and a web page on their own smartphone. Subjects also responded to a verbal questionnaire related to the characteristics of their smartphone and the computer vision syndrome questionnaire to assess symptoms of eyestrain. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: For the total sample, the mean viewing distance for a text message was 37.13 &#177; 8.82 cm (median 36.00 cm), and for a web page was 36.11 &#177; 7.98 cm (median 36.00 cm). Presbyopes had longer median viewing distances compared with non‐presbyopes for a text message (41 cm vs. 34 cm, p &lt; 0.001) and web page (40 cm vs. 34 cm, p &lt; 0.001). The font size for non‐presbyopes were &lt;1.0 M whilst for presbyopes were &gt;1.2 M. More than twice the percentage of non‐presbyopes were classified with digital eyestrain (DES) compared with presbyopes. Conclusions: Non‐presbyopes used shorter viewing distances, smaller font sizes and were more predisposed to DES than presbyopes. The viewing distances adopted by presbyopes were similar to the conventional near‐working distance of 40 cm. Eye care practitioners should consider viewing distances when assessing near‐visual functions and prescribing a near refractive correction, particularly in non‐presbyopes. There should be greater awareness of the importance of adopting appropriate viewing distances when using smartphones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Ophthalmic &amp; Physiological Optics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/opo.13410
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Digital technology
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      – SubjectFull: Websites
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      – SubjectFull: Quantitative research
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      – SubjectFull: Text messages
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              Text: Jan2025
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              Y: 2025
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