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Longer-Term Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Infection: Moderation by Race and Socioeconomic Status.

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Title: Longer-Term Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Infection: Moderation by Race and Socioeconomic Status.
Authors: Williams, Michelle K., Crawford, Christopher A., Zapolski, Tamika C., Hirsh, Adam T., Stewart, Jesse C.
Source: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. Feb2025, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p111-123. 13p.
Subjects: Mental illness risk factors, Risk assessment, Cross-sectional method, Post-traumatic stress disorder, African Americans, Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, Socioeconomic factors, Insomnia, Anxiety, Race, Odds ratio, Confidence intervals, Health equity, Mental depression, Disease complications
Abstract: Objective: While evidence suggests that the mental health symptoms of COVID-19 can persist for several months following infection, little is known about the longer-term mental health effects and whether certain sociodemographic groups may be particularly impacted. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the longer-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 infection and examine whether such consequences are more pronounced in Black people and people with lower socioeconomic status. Methods: 277 Black and White adults (age ≥ 30 years) with a history of COVID-19 (tested positive ≥ 6 months prior to participation) or no history of COVID-19 infection completed a 45-minute online questionnaire battery. Results: People with a history of COVID-19 had greater depressive (d = 0.24), anxiety (d = 0.34), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (d = 0.32), and insomnia (d = 0.31) symptoms than those without a history of COVID-19. These differences remained for anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia symptoms after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, income, employment status, body mass index, and smoking status. No differences were detected for perceived stress and general psychopathology. People with a history of COVID-19 had more than double the odds of clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (OR = 2.22) and PTSD (OR = 2.40). Education, but not race, income, or employment status, moderated relationships of interest such that COVID-19 status was more strongly and positively associated with all the mental health outcomes for those with fewer years of education. Conclusion: The mental health consequences of COVID-19 may be significant, widespread, and persistent for at least 6 months post-infection and may increase as years of education decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Behavioral Medicine is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Longer-Term Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Infection: Moderation by Race and Socioeconomic Status.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Williams%2C+Michelle+K%2E%22">Williams, Michelle K.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Crawford%2C+Christopher+A%2E%22">Crawford, Christopher A.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zapolski%2C+Tamika+C%2E%22">Zapolski, Tamika C.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hirsh%2C+Adam+T%2E%22">Hirsh, Adam T.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stewart%2C+Jesse+C%2E%22">Stewart, Jesse C.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Behavioral+Medicine%22">International Journal of Behavioral Medicine</searchLink>. Feb2025, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p111-123. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+illness+risk+factors%22">Mental illness risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Risk+assessment%22">Risk assessment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cross-sectional+method%22">Cross-sectional method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Post-traumatic+stress+disorder%22">Post-traumatic stress disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22African+Americans%22">African Americans</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Post-acute+COVID-19+syndrome%22">Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+factors%22">Socioeconomic factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Insomnia%22">Insomnia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Race%22">Race</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Odds+ratio%22">Odds ratio</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Health+equity%22">Health equity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+depression%22">Mental depression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disease+complications%22">Disease complications</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective: While evidence suggests that the mental health symptoms of COVID-19 can persist for several months following infection, little is known about the longer-term mental health effects and whether certain sociodemographic groups may be particularly impacted. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the longer-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 infection and examine whether such consequences are more pronounced in Black people and people with lower socioeconomic status. Methods: 277 Black and White adults (age ≥ 30 years) with a history of COVID-19 (tested positive ≥ 6 months prior to participation) or no history of COVID-19 infection completed a 45-minute online questionnaire battery. Results: People with a history of COVID-19 had greater depressive (d = 0.24), anxiety (d = 0.34), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (d = 0.32), and insomnia (d = 0.31) symptoms than those without a history of COVID-19. These differences remained for anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia symptoms after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, income, employment status, body mass index, and smoking status. No differences were detected for perceived stress and general psychopathology. People with a history of COVID-19 had more than double the odds of clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (OR = 2.22) and PTSD (OR = 2.40). Education, but not race, income, or employment status, moderated relationships of interest such that COVID-19 status was more strongly and positively associated with all the mental health outcomes for those with fewer years of education. Conclusion: The mental health consequences of COVID-19 may be significant, widespread, and persistent for at least 6 months post-infection and may increase as years of education decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Behavioral Medicine is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s12529-024-10271-9
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        Text: English
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Mental illness risk factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
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      – SubjectFull: Post-traumatic stress disorder
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      – SubjectFull: African Americans
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      – SubjectFull: Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome
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      – SubjectFull: Socioeconomic factors
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      – SubjectFull: Insomnia
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      – SubjectFull: Race
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      – SubjectFull: Odds ratio
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
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              Text: Feb2025
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