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Reward and Efficacy Modulate the Rate of Anticipatory Pupil Dilation.

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Title: Reward and Efficacy Modulate the Rate of Anticipatory Pupil Dilation.
Authors: Eayrs, Joshua O. (AUTHOR), Tobing, Haya Serena (AUTHOR), Steendam, S. Tabitha (AUTHOR), Prutean, Nicoleta (AUTHOR), Notebaert, Wim (AUTHOR), Wiersema, Jan R. (AUTHOR), Krebs, Ruth M. (AUTHOR), Boehler, C. Nico (AUTHOR)
Source: Psychophysiology. Jan2025, Vol. 62 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p.
Subjects: Pupillary reflex, Task performance, Pupillometry, Expectation (Psychology), Individual differences
Abstract: Pupil size is a well‐established marker of cognitive effort, with greater efforts leading to larger pupils. This is particularly true for pupil size during task performance, whereas findings on anticipatory effort triggered by a cue stimulus are less consistent. For example, a recent report by Frömer et al. found that in a cued‐Stroop task, behavioral performance and electrophysiological markers of preparatory effort allocation were modulated by cued reward and 'efficacy' (the degree to which rewards depended on good performance), but pupil size did not show a comparable pattern. Here, we conceptually replicated this study, employing an alternative approach to the pupillometry analyses. In line with previous findings, we found no modulation of absolute pupil size in the cue‐to‐target interval. Instead, we observed a significant difference in the rate of pupil dilation in anticipation of the target: pupils dilated more rapidly for high‐reward trials in which rewards depended on good performance. This was followed by a significant difference in absolute pupil size within the first hundreds of milliseconds following Stroop stimulus onset, likely reflecting a lagging effect of anticipatory effort allocation. Finally, the slope of pupil dilation was significantly correlated with behavioral response times, and this association was strongest for the high‐reward, high‐efficacy trials, further supporting that the rate of anticipatory pupil dilation reflects anticipatory effort. We conclude that pupil size is modulated by anticipatory effort, but in a highly temporally‐specific manner, which is best reflected by the rate of dilation in the moments just prior to stimulus onset. We found pupils dilate in the final moments before a target in a Stroop task. The rate of dilation was more rapid for trials where the participant anticipated a large reward which was performance‐contingent, and individual differences in the rate of dilation predicted behavioural performance. These results provide new insights into the nature of preparatory effort and resolve previous contradictory results regarding the role of preparatory effort in pupil dilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Psychophysiology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Reward and Efficacy Modulate the Rate of Anticipatory Pupil Dilation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eayrs%2C+Joshua+O%2E%22">Eayrs, Joshua O.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tobing%2C+Haya+Serena%22">Tobing, Haya Serena</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Steendam%2C+S%2E+Tabitha%22">Steendam, S. Tabitha</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Prutean%2C+Nicoleta%22">Prutean, Nicoleta</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Notebaert%2C+Wim%22">Notebaert, Wim</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wiersema%2C+Jan+R%2E%22">Wiersema, Jan R.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Krebs%2C+Ruth+M%2E%22">Krebs, Ruth M.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Boehler%2C+C%2E+Nico%22">Boehler, C. Nico</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Psychophysiology%22">Psychophysiology</searchLink>. Jan2025, Vol. 62 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pupillary+reflex%22">Pupillary reflex</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Task+performance%22">Task performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pupillometry%22">Pupillometry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Expectation+%28Psychology%29%22">Expectation (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+differences%22">Individual differences</searchLink>
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  Data: Pupil size is a well‐established marker of cognitive effort, with greater efforts leading to larger pupils. This is particularly true for pupil size during task performance, whereas findings on anticipatory effort triggered by a cue stimulus are less consistent. For example, a recent report by Frömer et al. found that in a cued‐Stroop task, behavioral performance and electrophysiological markers of preparatory effort allocation were modulated by cued reward and 'efficacy' (the degree to which rewards depended on good performance), but pupil size did not show a comparable pattern. Here, we conceptually replicated this study, employing an alternative approach to the pupillometry analyses. In line with previous findings, we found no modulation of absolute pupil size in the cue‐to‐target interval. Instead, we observed a significant difference in the rate of pupil dilation in anticipation of the target: pupils dilated more rapidly for high‐reward trials in which rewards depended on good performance. This was followed by a significant difference in absolute pupil size within the first hundreds of milliseconds following Stroop stimulus onset, likely reflecting a lagging effect of anticipatory effort allocation. Finally, the slope of pupil dilation was significantly correlated with behavioral response times, and this association was strongest for the high‐reward, high‐efficacy trials, further supporting that the rate of anticipatory pupil dilation reflects anticipatory effort. We conclude that pupil size is modulated by anticipatory effort, but in a highly temporally‐specific manner, which is best reflected by the rate of dilation in the moments just prior to stimulus onset. We found pupils dilate in the final moments before a target in a Stroop task. The rate of dilation was more rapid for trials where the participant anticipated a large reward which was performance‐contingent, and individual differences in the rate of dilation predicted behavioural performance. These results provide new insights into the nature of preparatory effort and resolve previous contradictory results regarding the role of preparatory effort in pupil dilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Psychophysiology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/psyp.14761
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      – SubjectFull: Pupillometry
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      – SubjectFull: Expectation (Psychology)
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      – SubjectFull: Individual differences
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      – TitleFull: Reward and Efficacy Modulate the Rate of Anticipatory Pupil Dilation.
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              Text: Jan2025
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              Y: 2025
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