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A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of the Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Depression.

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Title: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of the Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Depression.
Authors: Watson, Christopher B. (AUTHOR), Sharpley, Christopher F. (AUTHOR), Bitsika, Vicki (AUTHOR), Evans, Ian (AUTHOR), Vessey, Kirstan (AUTHOR)
Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. May2025, Vol. 151 Issue 5, p572-599. 28p.
Subjects: Child abuse, Depressed persons, Mental health, Comorbidity, Causation (Philosophy), Statistics
Abstract: Introduction: Childhood maltreatment (CM) and depression are serious global issues with high prevalence and lifelong impacts on physical and mental health. CM has been proposed as a modifiable risk factor for depression that, if prevented, may contribute to a reduction in the global incidence of depressive disorders. Despite this, there is a paucity of reviews examining the strength of the association between these variables. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the empirical evidence and determine if CM is supported as a preventable risk factor for depression. Methods: A search was performed in July 2024 for all peer‐reviewed journal articles written in English examining the relationship between CM and adult depression in the electronic databases EBSCOhost, Proquest, and Embase. Studies were included in this review if they measured maltreatment before 18 years of age as the independent variable and adult depression as the dependent variable. Studies were excluded if the outcome variable was grouped with comorbidity and if they did not report primary quantitative data. A total of 77 studies with 516,302 participants met the inclusion criteria for review. Results: A random‐effects meta‐analysis was used to generate a pooled odds ratio from 87 effect estimates and demonstrated that individuals with a history of any CM are 2.5 times more likely to experience adult depression (OR = 2.49 [95% CI: 2.25–2.76]). This increase in odds remained regardless of how the primary studies screened for depression. Conclusions: These findings confirmed the strong association between the experience of CM and adult depression. High heterogeneity in the meta‐analytic results also suggested that further research is required that applies consistent adjustments for comorbidities and confounding factors and examines the temporal relationship between the variables to establish causality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of the Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Depression.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Watson%2C+Christopher+B%2E%22">Watson, Christopher B.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sharpley%2C+Christopher+F%2E%22">Sharpley, Christopher F.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bitsika%2C+Vicki%22">Bitsika, Vicki</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Evans%2C+Ian%22">Evans, Ian</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vessey%2C+Kirstan%22">Vessey, Kirstan</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Acta+Psychiatrica+Scandinavica%22">Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica</searchLink>. May2025, Vol. 151 Issue 5, p572-599. 28p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+abuse%22">Child abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Depressed+persons%22">Depressed persons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+health%22">Mental health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comorbidity%22">Comorbidity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Causation+%28Philosophy%29%22">Causation (Philosophy)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Introduction: Childhood maltreatment (CM) and depression are serious global issues with high prevalence and lifelong impacts on physical and mental health. CM has been proposed as a modifiable risk factor for depression that, if prevented, may contribute to a reduction in the global incidence of depressive disorders. Despite this, there is a paucity of reviews examining the strength of the association between these variables. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the empirical evidence and determine if CM is supported as a preventable risk factor for depression. Methods: A search was performed in July 2024 for all peer‐reviewed journal articles written in English examining the relationship between CM and adult depression in the electronic databases EBSCOhost, Proquest, and Embase. Studies were included in this review if they measured maltreatment before 18 years of age as the independent variable and adult depression as the dependent variable. Studies were excluded if the outcome variable was grouped with comorbidity and if they did not report primary quantitative data. A total of 77 studies with 516,302 participants met the inclusion criteria for review. Results: A random‐effects meta‐analysis was used to generate a pooled odds ratio from 87 effect estimates and demonstrated that individuals with a history of any CM are 2.5 times more likely to experience adult depression (OR = 2.49 [95% CI: 2.25–2.76]). This increase in odds remained regardless of how the primary studies screened for depression. Conclusions: These findings confirmed the strong association between the experience of CM and adult depression. High heterogeneity in the meta‐analytic results also suggested that further research is required that applies consistent adjustments for comorbidities and confounding factors and examines the temporal relationship between the variables to establish causality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              Text: May2025
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