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Stable Enhancement of Corticospinal Excitability by the Combination of Paired Associative Stimulation and Interlimb Cortical Network.

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Title: Stable Enhancement of Corticospinal Excitability by the Combination of Paired Associative Stimulation and Interlimb Cortical Network.
Authors: Kato, Tatsuya (AUTHOR), Kaneko, Naotsugu (AUTHOR), Nakazawa, Kimitaka (AUTHOR)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience. Apr2025, Vol. 61 Issue 7, p1-12. 12p.
Subjects: Neuroplasticity, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Motor ability, Evoked potentials (Electrophysiology), Motor cortex, Neural inhibition, H-reflex
Abstract: Inter‐individual variability is a common issue of noninvasive brain stimulation. This study aimed to augment neuroplasticity induced by paired associative stimulation (PAS) through leveraging interlimb neural interactions. Specifically, we assessed lower‐limb corticospinal excitability when voluntary ipsilateral upper‐limb muscle contraction (UMC) was integrated into lower‐limb PAS in 19 able‐bodied young adults. PAS targeted the right soleus muscle (i.e., a lower‐limb muscle), pairing peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate cortical excitability. Experiment 1 evaluated motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) and Hoffmann reflex (H‐reflex) after PAS + UMC, PAS, and UMC interventions. Experiment 2 investigated the modulation of MEP and short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) following PAS + UMC and PAS interventions, with focused attention on PNS. During PAS + UMC intervention, participants performed right wrist flexion at 30% maximum voluntary contraction coinciding with stimulation. Results showed a significant increase in MEPs 30 min after PAS + UMC intervention, with enhanced increase under controlled attention. The H‐reflex slightly increased 15 and 30 min after PAS + UMC intervention. SICI increased 30 min after PAS + UMC intervention, though the correlation between MEP and SICI observed in PAS intervention was absent in PAS + UMC intervention. Our findings suggest that combining lower‐limb PAS with UMC can facilitate lower‐limb corticospinal excitability more effectively than conventional PAS, despite the complex neural mechanism underlying PAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Stable Enhancement of Corticospinal Excitability by the Combination of Paired Associative Stimulation and Interlimb Cortical Network.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kato%2C+Tatsuya%22">Kato, Tatsuya</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaneko%2C+Naotsugu%22">Kaneko, Naotsugu</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nakazawa%2C+Kimitaka%22">Nakazawa, Kimitaka</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Journal+of+Neuroscience%22">European Journal of Neuroscience</searchLink>. Apr2025, Vol. 61 Issue 7, p1-12. 12p.
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  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Inter‐individual variability is a common issue of noninvasive brain stimulation. This study aimed to augment neuroplasticity induced by paired associative stimulation (PAS) through leveraging interlimb neural interactions. Specifically, we assessed lower‐limb corticospinal excitability when voluntary ipsilateral upper‐limb muscle contraction (UMC) was integrated into lower‐limb PAS in 19 able‐bodied young adults. PAS targeted the right soleus muscle (i.e., a lower‐limb muscle), pairing peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate cortical excitability. Experiment 1 evaluated motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) and Hoffmann reflex (H‐reflex) after PAS + UMC, PAS, and UMC interventions. Experiment 2 investigated the modulation of MEP and short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) following PAS + UMC and PAS interventions, with focused attention on PNS. During PAS + UMC intervention, participants performed right wrist flexion at 30% maximum voluntary contraction coinciding with stimulation. Results showed a significant increase in MEPs 30 min after PAS + UMC intervention, with enhanced increase under controlled attention. The H‐reflex slightly increased 15 and 30 min after PAS + UMC intervention. SICI increased 30 min after PAS + UMC intervention, though the correlation between MEP and SICI observed in PAS intervention was absent in PAS + UMC intervention. Our findings suggest that combining lower‐limb PAS with UMC can facilitate lower‐limb corticospinal excitability more effectively than conventional PAS, despite the complex neural mechanism underlying PAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of European Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/ejn.70072
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      – SubjectFull: Motor ability
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      – SubjectFull: Evoked potentials (Electrophysiology)
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      – SubjectFull: H-reflex
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      – TitleFull: Stable Enhancement of Corticospinal Excitability by the Combination of Paired Associative Stimulation and Interlimb Cortical Network.
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            NameFull: Kato, Tatsuya
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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