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Ketamine differentially affects implicit and explicit memory processes in rats.

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Title: Ketamine differentially affects implicit and explicit memory processes in rats.
Authors: Yuksel, Bahar (AUTHOR), Sen, Zeynep (AUTHOR), Unal, Gunes (AUTHOR)
Source: Psychopharmacology. Jun2025, Vol. 242 Issue 6, p1245-1258. 14p.
Subjects: Ketamine, Implicit memory, Maze tests, Rats, Explicit memory, Cognitive ability, Classical conditioning, Cognition disorders
Abstract: Rationale: Ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, produces antidepressant effects at subanesthetic doses. The therapeutic effect, however, is often accompanied by cognitive side effects, including memory impairments. Yet, the specific effects of ketamine on different processes of implicit and explicit memory remain to be elucidated. Objectives: We examined the effect of an antidepressant dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg, IP) on the encoding, retrieval, and modulation processes of fear memory and spatial memory in adult Wistar rats. Methods: Ketamine was administered before the fear acquisition, retrieval, or extinction procedures in a Pavlovian fear conditioning task. In another set of experiments, it was administered before the training, probe trial, or reversal training phases of the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Results: The antidepressant dose of ketamine partially impaired fear extinction when administered before the acquisition or retrieval. In contrast, it facilitated memory modulation and decreased the escape latency in the first day of reversal training in the MWM when administered before the training or reversal training sessions. Encoding or retrieval performance in either type of memory was not affected. Conclusions: These findings show that ketamine does not impair the acquisition or retrieval processes of cued fear or spatial memory; but exerts differential effects on memory modulation of these implicit and explicit memory paradigms, by disrupting fear extinction and facilitating reversal spatial learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Psychopharmacology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Ketamine differentially affects implicit and explicit memory processes in rats.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yuksel%2C+Bahar%22">Yuksel, Bahar</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sen%2C+Zeynep%22">Sen, Zeynep</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Unal%2C+Gunes%22">Unal, Gunes</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Psychopharmacology%22">Psychopharmacology</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 242 Issue 6, p1245-1258. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ketamine%22">Ketamine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Implicit+memory%22">Implicit memory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Maze+tests%22">Maze tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rats%22">Rats</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Explicit+memory%22">Explicit memory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognitive+ability%22">Cognitive ability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Classical+conditioning%22">Classical conditioning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognition+disorders%22">Cognition disorders</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Rationale: Ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, produces antidepressant effects at subanesthetic doses. The therapeutic effect, however, is often accompanied by cognitive side effects, including memory impairments. Yet, the specific effects of ketamine on different processes of implicit and explicit memory remain to be elucidated. Objectives: We examined the effect of an antidepressant dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg, IP) on the encoding, retrieval, and modulation processes of fear memory and spatial memory in adult Wistar rats. Methods: Ketamine was administered before the fear acquisition, retrieval, or extinction procedures in a Pavlovian fear conditioning task. In another set of experiments, it was administered before the training, probe trial, or reversal training phases of the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Results: The antidepressant dose of ketamine partially impaired fear extinction when administered before the acquisition or retrieval. In contrast, it facilitated memory modulation and decreased the escape latency in the first day of reversal training in the MWM when administered before the training or reversal training sessions. Encoding or retrieval performance in either type of memory was not affected. Conclusions: These findings show that ketamine does not impair the acquisition or retrieval processes of cued fear or spatial memory; but exerts differential effects on memory modulation of these implicit and explicit memory paradigms, by disrupting fear extinction and facilitating reversal spatial learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Psychopharmacology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s00213-024-06720-8
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        Text: English
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              Text: Jun2025
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