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Evaluation of the critical warzone experiences scale among Gulf War I-era veterans: Associations with PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

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Title: Evaluation of the critical warzone experiences scale among Gulf War I-era veterans: Associations with PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Authors: Kimbrel, Nathan A. (AUTHOR), Blakey, Shannon M. (AUTHOR), Miller, David R. (AUTHOR), Patel, Tapan A. (AUTHOR), Mann, Adam J. D. (AUTHOR), Pugh, Mary Jo (AUTHOR), Beckham, Jean C. (AUTHOR), Calhoun, Patrick S. (AUTHOR)
Source: Military Psychology. 2025, Vol. 37 Issue 4, p366-374. 9p.
Subjects: Post-traumatic stress disorder, Suicidal ideation, Research funding, Research methodology evaluation, Research evaluation, War, Descriptive statistics, Psychology of veterans, Psychometrics, Research methodology, Factor analysis, Data analysis software, Mental depression
Geographic Terms: Afghanistan, Iraq
Abstract: Prior research has established the psychometric properties of the Critical Warzone Experiences (CWE) scale among post-9/11 Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans; however, the psychometric properties of the CWE among Gulf War I-era veterans have not yet been established. The first objective of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the CWE among Gulf War I-era veterans. The second objective was to test the hypothesis that the CWE would have a significant indirect effect on suicidal thoughts and behaviors via posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms. To test these hypotheses, a survey packet that included the CWE and measures of PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors was administered to 1,153 Gulf War I-era veterans. Consistent with prior research in post-9/11 Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans, the CWE exhibited good internal consistency (α =.85), a unidimensional factor structure (RMSEA =.056, CFI =.959, SRMR =.033; average factor loading =.69), and good concurrent validity with PTSD (r =.47, p <.001) and depressive (r =.31, p <.001) symptoms among Gulf War I-era veterans. Additionally, as hypothesized, a significant indirect effect from the CWE to suicidal thoughts and behaviors via PTSD and depressive symptoms (β =.35, p <.001) was also observed. Taken together, our findings provide strong support for using the CWE with Gulf War I-era veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Military Psychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Evaluation of the critical warzone experiences scale among Gulf War I-era veterans: Associations with PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Kimbrel%2C+Nathan+A%2E%22&quot;&gt;Kimbrel, Nathan A.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Blakey%2C+Shannon+M%2E%22&quot;&gt;Blakey, Shannon M.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Miller%2C+David+R%2E%22&quot;&gt;Miller, David R.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Patel%2C+Tapan+A%2E%22&quot;&gt;Patel, Tapan A.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Mann%2C+Adam+J%2E+D%2E%22&quot;&gt;Mann, Adam J. D.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Pugh%2C+Mary+Jo%22&quot;&gt;Pugh, Mary Jo&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Beckham%2C+Jean+C%2E%22&quot;&gt;Beckham, Jean C.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Calhoun%2C+Patrick+S%2E%22&quot;&gt;Calhoun, Patrick S.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Military+Psychology%22&quot;&gt;Military Psychology&lt;/searchLink&gt;. 2025, Vol. 37 Issue 4, p366-374. 9p.
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  Data: Prior research has established the psychometric properties of the Critical Warzone Experiences (CWE) scale among post-9/11 Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans; however, the psychometric properties of the CWE among Gulf War I-era veterans have not yet been established. The first objective of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the CWE among Gulf War I-era veterans. The second objective was to test the hypothesis that the CWE would have a significant indirect effect on suicidal thoughts and behaviors via posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms. To test these hypotheses, a survey packet that included the CWE and measures of PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors was administered to 1,153 Gulf War I-era veterans. Consistent with prior research in post-9/11 Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans, the CWE exhibited good internal consistency (α =.85), a unidimensional factor structure (RMSEA =.056, CFI =.959, SRMR =.033; average factor loading =.69), and good concurrent validity with PTSD (r =.47, p &lt;.001) and depressive (r =.31, p &lt;.001) symptoms among Gulf War I-era veterans. Additionally, as hypothesized, a significant indirect effect from the CWE to suicidal thoughts and behaviors via PTSD and depressive symptoms (β =.35, p &lt;.001) was also observed. Taken together, our findings provide strong support for using the CWE with Gulf War I-era veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Military Psychology is the property of Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/08995605.2024.2357993
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 366
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Post-traumatic stress disorder
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Suicidal ideation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: War
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychology of veterans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychometrics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Factor analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mental depression
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Afghanistan
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Iraq
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Evaluation of the critical warzone experiences scale among Gulf War I-era veterans: Associations with PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: 2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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