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A narrative review of risk factors and predictors for poor outcome and prolonged recovery after a mild traumatic brain injury.

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Title: A narrative review of risk factors and predictors for poor outcome and prolonged recovery after a mild traumatic brain injury.
Authors: Mavroudis, Ioannis (AUTHOR), Balmus, Ioana-Miruna (AUTHOR), Ciobica, Alin (AUTHOR), Hogas, Mihai (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Neuroscience. Jul2025, Vol. 135 Issue 7, p761-770. 10p.
Subjects: Disease risk factors, Mental illness, Brain injuries, Postconcussion syndrome, Science databases
Abstract: Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are often caused by a blow to the head or a sudden jolt resulting in a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional temporary symptoms. Mild TBI diagnosis can be challenging and most commonly followed by post-concussion syndrome (PCS). When the symptoms are present for more than 3 months, prolonged post-concussive syndrome (PPCS) can be suspected. This review aims to identify and summarize the current status of the knowledge regarding the risk factors and predictors of the recovery from PCS and PPCS. A comprehensive search of the main scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library) was performed using keywords, such as: 'prolonged post-concussion syndrome', combined with 'risk factors', 'predictors', and 'outcomes'. Multiple studies reported more than one risk factor for PPCS development following mTBIs that were generally the results of sports-related concussions and car accidents. The most prevalent risk factor associated with PPCS was the female sex. Social factors/personality traits, anxiety, mental health disorders, or other health conditions from their past medical history, the occurrence of headache/migraines during TBI recovery, somatization, physical activity, and litigation were also reported to contribute to PPCS risk. An exhaustive approach is required to mitigate the risk of PPCS and to ensure optimal recovery after concussive events. However, larger prospective cohort studies evaluating patients that were examined and treated with standardized protocols could be needed to further validate these associations and mandate the highest risk factors for delayed recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: A narrative review of risk factors and predictors for poor outcome and prolonged recovery after a mild traumatic brain injury.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mavroudis%2C+Ioannis%22">Mavroudis, Ioannis</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Balmus%2C+Ioana-Miruna%22">Balmus, Ioana-Miruna</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ciobica%2C+Alin%22">Ciobica, Alin</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hogas%2C+Mihai%22">Hogas, Mihai</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Neuroscience%22">International Journal of Neuroscience</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 135 Issue 7, p761-770. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disease+risk+factors%22">Disease risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+illness%22">Mental illness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+injuries%22">Brain injuries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Postconcussion+syndrome%22">Postconcussion syndrome</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Science+databases%22">Science databases</searchLink>
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  Data: Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are often caused by a blow to the head or a sudden jolt resulting in a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional temporary symptoms. Mild TBI diagnosis can be challenging and most commonly followed by post-concussion syndrome (PCS). When the symptoms are present for more than 3 months, prolonged post-concussive syndrome (PPCS) can be suspected. This review aims to identify and summarize the current status of the knowledge regarding the risk factors and predictors of the recovery from PCS and PPCS. A comprehensive search of the main scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library) was performed using keywords, such as: 'prolonged post-concussion syndrome', combined with 'risk factors', 'predictors', and 'outcomes'. Multiple studies reported more than one risk factor for PPCS development following mTBIs that were generally the results of sports-related concussions and car accidents. The most prevalent risk factor associated with PPCS was the female sex. Social factors/personality traits, anxiety, mental health disorders, or other health conditions from their past medical history, the occurrence of headache/migraines during TBI recovery, somatization, physical activity, and litigation were also reported to contribute to PPCS risk. An exhaustive approach is required to mitigate the risk of PPCS and to ensure optimal recovery after concussive events. However, larger prospective cohort studies evaluating patients that were examined and treated with standardized protocols could be needed to further validate these associations and mandate the highest risk factors for delayed recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2328710
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        Text: English
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              Text: Jul2025
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              Y: 2025
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