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Development of a theory of mind assessment for children using multidimensional Rasch modelling.

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Title: Development of a theory of mind assessment for children using multidimensional Rasch modelling.
Authors: Lee, Shih‐Chieh, Chen, Cheng‐Te, Fu, I‐Ning, Liu, Meng‐Ru, Chen, Kuan‐Lin
Source: British Journal of Psychology. Aug2025, Vol. 116 Issue 3, p656-670. 15p.
Subjects: Research funding, Data analysis, Research methodology evaluation, Research evaluation, Descriptive statistics, Experimental design, Child development, Neuropsychological tests, Research methodology, Psychometrics, Statistics, Multidimensional scaling, Quality assurance, Thought & thinking, Cognition, Children
Abstract: Existing theory of mind (ToM) measures for children meet challenges from three perspectives. Developmentally, they lack items covering the entire spectrum of ToM abilities, namely, the early, basic and advanced levels. Dimensionally, most measures are unidimensional, not distinguishing between cognitive and affective ToM. Practically, most measures rely heavily on verbal abilities or lack engaging formats. This study aimed to address these critical issues by developing a Theory of Mind Assessment (ToMA). The items were generated based on classical scenarios spanning all developmental levels. The responses from 574 neurotypical children aged 37 to 194 months were analysed using the multidimensional Rasch model. Ten items showed satisfactory model fits when classified into cognitive (4 items) and affective (6 items) domains, with 16 misfit items excluded. Two items seemed easier for girls and two for boys, and the item difficulties were adjusted. The mean Rasch person reliabilities were 0.78 and 0.81. The scores exhibited small and high correlations with subjective and objective criteria. The newly developed measure may offer reliable, valid and sex‐unbiased assessments while satisfying developmental, multidimensional and practical requirements. It seems promising for application in clinical and research settings and is worthy of future refinement and validation to provide high‐quality ToM assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of British Journal of Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Development of a theory of mind assessment for children using multidimensional Rasch modelling.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Shih‐Chieh%22">Lee, Shih‐Chieh</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Cheng‐Te%22">Chen, Cheng‐Te</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fu%2C+I‐Ning%22">Fu, I‐Ning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Meng‐Ru%22">Liu, Meng‐Ru</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Kuan‐Lin%22">Chen, Kuan‐Lin</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22British+Journal+of+Psychology%22">British Journal of Psychology</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 116 Issue 3, p656-670. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis%22">Data analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology+evaluation%22">Research methodology evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+evaluation%22">Research evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Experimental+design%22">Experimental design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+development%22">Child development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neuropsychological+tests%22">Neuropsychological tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology%22">Research methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychometrics%22">Psychometrics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multidimensional+scaling%22">Multidimensional scaling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quality+assurance%22">Quality assurance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thought+%26+thinking%22">Thought & thinking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognition%22">Cognition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Existing theory of mind (ToM) measures for children meet challenges from three perspectives. Developmentally, they lack items covering the entire spectrum of ToM abilities, namely, the early, basic and advanced levels. Dimensionally, most measures are unidimensional, not distinguishing between cognitive and affective ToM. Practically, most measures rely heavily on verbal abilities or lack engaging formats. This study aimed to address these critical issues by developing a Theory of Mind Assessment (ToMA). The items were generated based on classical scenarios spanning all developmental levels. The responses from 574 neurotypical children aged 37 to 194 months were analysed using the multidimensional Rasch model. Ten items showed satisfactory model fits when classified into cognitive (4 items) and affective (6 items) domains, with 16 misfit items excluded. Two items seemed easier for girls and two for boys, and the item difficulties were adjusted. The mean Rasch person reliabilities were 0.78 and 0.81. The scores exhibited small and high correlations with subjective and objective criteria. The newly developed measure may offer reliable, valid and sex‐unbiased assessments while satisfying developmental, multidimensional and practical requirements. It seems promising for application in clinical and research settings and is worthy of future refinement and validation to provide high‐quality ToM assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of British Journal of Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/bjop.12785
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 656
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Experimental design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neuropsychological tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychometrics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multidimensional scaling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Quality assurance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thought & thinking
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Development of a theory of mind assessment for children using multidimensional Rasch modelling.
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            NameFull: Lee, Shih‐Chieh
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            NameFull: Chen, Cheng‐Te
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            NameFull: Fu, I‐Ning
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            NameFull: Liu, Meng‐Ru
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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