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Multivariate examination of embedded indicators of performance validity for ADHD evaluations: A targeted approach.

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Title: Multivariate examination of embedded indicators of performance validity for ADHD evaluations: A targeted approach.
Authors: Finley, John-Christopher A. (AUTHOR), Brooks, Julia M. (AUTHOR), Nili, Amanda N. (AUTHOR), Oh, Alison (AUTHOR), VanLandingham, Hannah B. (AUTHOR), Ovsiew, Gabriel P. (AUTHOR), Ulrich, Devin M. (AUTHOR), Resch, Zachary J. (AUTHOR), Soble, Jason R. (AUTHOR)
Source: Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. Sep/Oct2025, Vol. 32 Issue 5, p1254-1267. 14p.
Subjects: Stroop effect, Executive function, Cognitive processing speed, Trail Making Test, Verbal behavior testing
Abstract: This study investigated the individual and combined utility of 10 embedded validity indicators (EVIs) within executive functioning, attention/working memory, and processing speed measures in 585 adults referred for an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation. Participants were categorized into invalid and valid performance groups as determined by scores from empirical performance validity indicators. Analyses revealed that all of the EVIs could meaningfully discriminate invalid from valid performers (AUCs =.69-.78), with high specificity (≥90%) but low sensitivity (19%-51%). However, none of them explained more than 20% of the variance in validity status. Combining any of these 10 EVIs into a multivariate model significantly improved classification accuracy, explaining up to 36% of the variance in validity status. Integrating six EVIs from the Stroop Color and Word Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition was as efficacious (AUC =.86) as using all 10 EVIs together. Failing any two of these six EVIs or any three of the 10 EVIs yielded clinically acceptable specificity (≥90%) with moderate sensitivity (60%). Findings support the use of multivariate models to improve the identification of performance invalidity in ADHD evaluations, but chaining multiple EVIs may only be helpful to an extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied Neuropsychology: Adult is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Multivariate examination of embedded indicators of performance validity for ADHD evaluations: A targeted approach.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Applied+Neuropsychology%3A+Adult%22">Applied Neuropsychology: Adult</searchLink>. Sep/Oct2025, Vol. 32 Issue 5, p1254-1267. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stroop+effect%22">Stroop effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Executive+function%22">Executive function</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognitive+processing+speed%22">Cognitive processing speed</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Trail+Making+Test%22">Trail Making Test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Verbal+behavior+testing%22">Verbal behavior testing</searchLink>
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  Data: This study investigated the individual and combined utility of 10 embedded validity indicators (EVIs) within executive functioning, attention/working memory, and processing speed measures in 585 adults referred for an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation. Participants were categorized into invalid and valid performance groups as determined by scores from empirical performance validity indicators. Analyses revealed that all of the EVIs could meaningfully discriminate invalid from valid performers (AUCs =.69-.78), with high specificity (≥90%) but low sensitivity (19%-51%). However, none of them explained more than 20% of the variance in validity status. Combining any of these 10 EVIs into a multivariate model significantly improved classification accuracy, explaining up to 36% of the variance in validity status. Integrating six EVIs from the Stroop Color and Word Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition was as efficacious (AUC =.86) as using all 10 EVIs together. Failing any two of these six EVIs or any three of the 10 EVIs yielded clinically acceptable specificity (≥90%) with moderate sensitivity (60%). Findings support the use of multivariate models to improve the identification of performance invalidity in ADHD evaluations, but chaining multiple EVIs may only be helpful to an extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Applied Neuropsychology: Adult is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – SubjectFull: Cognitive processing speed
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              Text: Sep/Oct2025
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