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Evaluating caregiver-child interactions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of tools and methods.

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Title: Evaluating caregiver-child interactions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of tools and methods.
Authors: Bozicevic, L., Lucas, C., Magai, D. N., Ooi, Y., Maliwichi, L., Sharp, H., Gladstone, M.
Source: Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology. Sep2025, Vol. 43 Issue 5, p1301-1336. 36p.
Subjects: Middle-income countries, Cultural competence, CINAHL database, Systematic reviews, MEDLINE, World health, Research methodology, Child development, Psychology of caregivers, Interpersonal relations, Low-income countries, Psychology information storage & retrieval systems
Abstract: Aims/Background: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has placed emphasis on improving early child development globally. This is supported through the Nurturing Care Framework which includes responsive caregiving. To evaluate responsive caregiving, tools to assess quality of caregiver-child interactions are used, however there is little information on how they are currently employed and/or adapted particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where children have a greater risk of adverse outcomes. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive guide on methodologies used to evaluate caregiver-child interaction – including their feasibility and cultural adaptation. Design/Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies over 20years in LMICs which assessed caregiver-child interactions. Characteristics of each tool, their validity (assessed with COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist), and the quality of the study (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool) are reported. Results: We identified 59 studies using 34 tools across 20 different LMICs. Most tools (86.5%) employed video-recorded observations of caregiver-child interactions at home (e.g. Ainsworth's Sensitivity Scale, OMI) or in the laboratory (e.g. PICCOLO) with a few conducting direct observations in the field (e.g. OMCI, HOME); 13.5% were self-reported. Tools varied in methodology with limited or no mention of validity and reliability. Most tools are developed in Western countries and have not been culturally validated for use in LMIC settings. Conclusion: There are limited caregiver-child interaction measures used in LMIC settings, with only some locally validated locally. Future studies should aim to ensure better validity, applicability and feasibility of caregiver-child interaction tools for global settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Evaluating caregiver-child interactions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of tools and methods.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bozicevic%2C+L%2E%22">Bozicevic, L.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lucas%2C+C%2E%22">Lucas, C.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Magai%2C+D%2E+N%2E%22">Magai, D. N.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ooi%2C+Y%2E%22">Ooi, Y.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maliwichi%2C+L%2E%22">Maliwichi, L.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sharp%2C+H%2E%22">Sharp, H.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gladstone%2C+M%2E%22">Gladstone, M.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Reproductive+%26+Infant+Psychology%22">Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 43 Issue 5, p1301-1336. 36p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Middle-income+countries%22">Middle-income countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cultural+competence%22">Cultural competence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CINAHL+database%22">CINAHL database</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Systematic+reviews%22">Systematic reviews</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MEDLINE%22">MEDLINE</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22World+health%22">World health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology%22">Research methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+development%22">Child development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychology+of+caregivers%22">Psychology of caregivers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+relations%22">Interpersonal relations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Low-income+countries%22">Low-income countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychology+information+storage+%26+retrieval+systems%22">Psychology information storage & retrieval systems</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims/Background: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has placed emphasis on improving early child development globally. This is supported through the Nurturing Care Framework which includes responsive caregiving. To evaluate responsive caregiving, tools to assess quality of caregiver-child interactions are used, however there is little information on how they are currently employed and/or adapted particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where children have a greater risk of adverse outcomes. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive guide on methodologies used to evaluate caregiver-child interaction – including their feasibility and cultural adaptation. Design/Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies over 20years in LMICs which assessed caregiver-child interactions. Characteristics of each tool, their validity (assessed with COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist), and the quality of the study (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool) are reported. Results: We identified 59 studies using 34 tools across 20 different LMICs. Most tools (86.5%) employed video-recorded observations of caregiver-child interactions at home (e.g. Ainsworth's Sensitivity Scale, OMI) or in the laboratory (e.g. PICCOLO) with a few conducting direct observations in the field (e.g. OMCI, HOME); 13.5% were self-reported. Tools varied in methodology with limited or no mention of validity and reliability. Most tools are developed in Western countries and have not been culturally validated for use in LMIC settings. Conclusion: There are limited caregiver-child interaction measures used in LMIC settings, with only some locally validated locally. Future studies should aim to ensure better validity, applicability and feasibility of caregiver-child interaction tools for global settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/02646838.2024.2321615
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 36
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      – SubjectFull: Middle-income countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cultural competence
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      – SubjectFull: CINAHL database
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      – SubjectFull: Systematic reviews
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      – SubjectFull: Child development
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      – SubjectFull: Psychology of caregivers
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      – SubjectFull: Interpersonal relations
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      – SubjectFull: Low-income countries
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      – SubjectFull: Psychology information storage & retrieval systems
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              Text: Sep2025
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