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Pro-inflammatory cytokines in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Title: Pro-inflammatory cytokines in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Authors: Shushtari, Ali (AUTHOR), Ashayeri, Hamidreza (AUTHOR), Salmannezhad, Amirhossein (AUTHOR), Seyedmirzaei, Homa (AUTHOR), Rezaei, Nima (AUTHOR)
Source: Neurological Sciences. Sep2025, Vol. 46 Issue 9, p4293-4307. 15p.
Subjects: Tumor necrosis factors, Regulatory T cells, Myasthenia gravis, Medical sciences, Neuromuscular diseases
Abstract: Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder impacting muscle endplate components. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly, might play pivotal roles in MG pathogenesis, influencing regulatory T cells and contributing to chronic inflammation. We did this systematic review and meta-analysis to address the conflicting results about pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in MG. Methods: A thorough search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to find studies measuring interleukin (IL)-1 family (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in MG patients' serum and controls. Selection criteria encompassed various MG types, including ocular and generalized, with and without thymoma, and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive and negative. Results: Of the 1843 identified studies, 16 met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed a significant increase in serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-33 level in MG patients compared to controls. The included studies also implied elevated levels of IL-18 in people with MG compared to controls and elevated levels of IL-18 and IL-33 in generalized MG compared to ocular MG. Conclusion: Our study highlights the altered profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines in MG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Neurological Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Pro-inflammatory cytokines in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shushtari%2C+Ali%22">Shushtari, Ali</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ashayeri%2C+Hamidreza%22">Ashayeri, Hamidreza</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Salmannezhad%2C+Amirhossein%22">Salmannezhad, Amirhossein</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Seyedmirzaei%2C+Homa%22">Seyedmirzaei, Homa</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rezaei%2C+Nima%22">Rezaei, Nima</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Neurological+Sciences%22">Neurological Sciences</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 46 Issue 9, p4293-4307. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tumor+necrosis+factors%22">Tumor necrosis factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regulatory+T+cells%22">Regulatory T cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Myasthenia+gravis%22">Myasthenia gravis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+sciences%22">Medical sciences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neuromuscular+diseases%22">Neuromuscular diseases</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder impacting muscle endplate components. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly, might play pivotal roles in MG pathogenesis, influencing regulatory T cells and contributing to chronic inflammation. We did this systematic review and meta-analysis to address the conflicting results about pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in MG. Methods: A thorough search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to find studies measuring interleukin (IL)-1 family (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in MG patients' serum and controls. Selection criteria encompassed various MG types, including ocular and generalized, with and without thymoma, and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive and negative. Results: Of the 1843 identified studies, 16 met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed a significant increase in serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-33 level in MG patients compared to controls. The included studies also implied elevated levels of IL-18 in people with MG compared to controls and elevated levels of IL-18 and IL-33 in generalized MG compared to ocular MG. Conclusion: Our study highlights the altered profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines in MG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Neurological Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10072-025-08218-3
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        Text: English
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              Text: Sep2025
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