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Sex differences and implications in outcome in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis.

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Title: Sex differences and implications in outcome in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis.
Authors: Tor, Jordina, Baeza, Inmaculada, Alvarez‐Subiela, Xavier, Rodriguez‐Pascual, Marta, Muñoz‐Samons, Daniel, Sintes‐Estevez, Anna, de la Serna, Elena, Puig, Olga, Sugranyes, Gisela, Ilzarbe, Daniel, Haro, Josep Maria, Dolz, Montserrat
Source: Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. Oct2025, Vol. 66 Issue 10, p1461-1472. 12p.
Subjects: Caffeine, Research funding, T-test (Statistics), Sex distribution, Logistic regression analysis, Questionnaires, Symptoms, Treatment effectiveness, Mann Whitney U Test, Chi-squared test, Descriptive statistics, Age distribution, Longitudinal method, Odds ratio, Case-control method, Psychoses, Data analysis software, Confidence intervals, Regression analysis, Mental depression, Adolescence, Children
Geographic Terms: Spain
Abstract: Background: Sex differences have been identified in young adults along the psychosis continuum, but studies in children and adolescents are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate possible sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in children and adolescents with clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). Methods: A naturalistic longitudinal cohort study assessed sociodemographics, CHR symptoms, functioning, and mood at baseline and at 18 months' follow‐up in 221 CHR participants (154 females and 67 males) and 159 controls (93 females and 66 males). Regression analyses were performed to test baseline differences, and multinominal regression was used to test the implication of sex in outcome. Results: Despite initial pairwise differences in attenuated positive symptoms, regression analyses failed to show sex differences in CHR symptoms when control group was added to the analyses. The interaction between sex and group significantly predicted depressive symptoms (B = −2.907, p =.040, 95% CI: [−5.681, −0.133]) and caffeine use lifetime (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: [0.138, 0.924], p =.034). A significant interaction between age and sex showed that the older the age in females, the greater the probability of non‐remission of CHR at follow‐up, as compared to males (B = 0.338, IC 95%: [0.123, 0.933], p =.036), but no relevant associations with sex were found in psychosis outcome. Conclusions: No sex‐related differences in CHR symptoms were observed in a CHR children and adolescent population. Outcomes related to non‐remission of CHR state in older females could reflect the greater prevalence of psychosis‐like experiences in adolescent females. These results invite us to reconsider the usefulness of the current CHR criteria in young populations, especially if we do not take into account a gender perspective and how age might affect it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Sex differences and implications in outcome in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tor%2C+Jordina%22">Tor, Jordina</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baeza%2C+Inmaculada%22">Baeza, Inmaculada</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alvarez‐Subiela%2C+Xavier%22">Alvarez‐Subiela, Xavier</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rodriguez‐Pascual%2C+Marta%22">Rodriguez‐Pascual, Marta</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Muñoz‐Samons%2C+Daniel%22">Muñoz‐Samons, Daniel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sintes‐Estevez%2C+Anna%22">Sintes‐Estevez, Anna</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+la+Serna%2C+Elena%22">de la Serna, Elena</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Puig%2C+Olga%22">Puig, Olga</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sugranyes%2C+Gisela%22">Sugranyes, Gisela</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ilzarbe%2C+Daniel%22">Ilzarbe, Daniel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haro%2C+Josep+Maria%22">Haro, Josep Maria</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dolz%2C+Montserrat%22">Dolz, Montserrat</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Child+Psychology+%26+Psychiatry%22">Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 66 Issue 10, p1461-1472. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Caffeine%22">Caffeine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22T-test+%28Statistics%29%22">T-test (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+distribution%22">Sex distribution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Logistic+regression+analysis%22">Logistic regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Questionnaires%22">Questionnaires</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Symptoms%22">Symptoms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Treatment+effectiveness%22">Treatment effectiveness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mann+Whitney+U+Test%22">Mann Whitney U Test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chi-squared+test%22">Chi-squared test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+distribution%22">Age distribution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Longitudinal+method%22">Longitudinal method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Odds+ratio%22">Odds ratio</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Case-control+method%22">Case-control method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychoses%22">Psychoses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regression+analysis%22">Regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+depression%22">Mental depression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adolescence%22">Adolescence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spain%22">Spain</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Sex differences have been identified in young adults along the psychosis continuum, but studies in children and adolescents are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate possible sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in children and adolescents with clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). Methods: A naturalistic longitudinal cohort study assessed sociodemographics, CHR symptoms, functioning, and mood at baseline and at 18 months' follow‐up in 221 CHR participants (154 females and 67 males) and 159 controls (93 females and 66 males). Regression analyses were performed to test baseline differences, and multinominal regression was used to test the implication of sex in outcome. Results: Despite initial pairwise differences in attenuated positive symptoms, regression analyses failed to show sex differences in CHR symptoms when control group was added to the analyses. The interaction between sex and group significantly predicted depressive symptoms (B = −2.907, p =.040, 95% CI: [−5.681, −0.133]) and caffeine use lifetime (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: [0.138, 0.924], p =.034). A significant interaction between age and sex showed that the older the age in females, the greater the probability of non‐remission of CHR at follow‐up, as compared to males (B = 0.338, IC 95%: [0.123, 0.933], p =.036), but no relevant associations with sex were found in psychosis outcome. Conclusions: No sex‐related differences in CHR symptoms were observed in a CHR children and adolescent population. Outcomes related to non‐remission of CHR state in older females could reflect the greater prevalence of psychosis‐like experiences in adolescent females. These results invite us to reconsider the usefulness of the current CHR criteria in young populations, especially if we do not take into account a gender perspective and how age might affect it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/jcpp.14148
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Caffeine
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
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      – SubjectFull: T-test (Statistics)
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      – SubjectFull: Sex distribution
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      – SubjectFull: Logistic regression analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
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      – SubjectFull: Symptoms
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      – SubjectFull: Treatment effectiveness
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      – SubjectFull: Mann Whitney U Test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chi-squared test
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Age distribution
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      – SubjectFull: Longitudinal method
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      – SubjectFull: Odds ratio
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      – SubjectFull: Case-control method
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