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The boon and bane of nitrous oxide.

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Title: The boon and bane of nitrous oxide.
Authors: Kronenberg, Golo (AUTHOR), Schoretsanitis, Georgios (AUTHOR), Seifritz, Erich (AUTHOR), Olbrich, Sebastian (AUTHOR)
Source: European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience. Sep2025, Vol. 275 Issue 6, p1573-1580. 8p.
Subjects: Nitrous oxide, Medical care use, Ozone layer depletion, Treatment effectiveness, Drug abuse, Asphyxia, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Greenhouse gases
Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been known since the end of the eighteenth century. Today, N2O plays a huge role as a greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting stratospheric molecule. The main sources of anthropogenic N2O emissions are agriculture, fuel combustion, wastewater treatment, and various industrial processes. By contrast, the contribution of medical N2O to the greenhouse effect appears to be small. The recreational and medical uses of N2O gradually diverged over time. N2O has analgesic and anesthetic effects, making it widely used in modern dentistry and surgery. New research has also begun studying N2O's antidepressant actions. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism and opioid effects are believed to be the main underlying biochemical mechanisms. At this point, numerous questions remain open and, in particular, the conduct of larger clinical trials will be essential to confirm N2O's use as a rapid-acting antidepressant. The N2O concentration delivered, the duration of a single inhalation, as well as the number of inhalations ultimately required, deserve to be better understood. Finally, the non-medical use of N2O has gained significant attention in recent years. Sudden deaths directly attributed to N2O are primarily due to asphyxia. Heavy, chronic N2O use may result in vitamin B12 deficiency, which, among other things, may cause megaloblastic anemia, venous thrombosis, myeloneuropathy, and skin pigmentation. Helpful biochemical tests include homocysteine and methylmalonic acid. The centerpiece of treatment is complete cessation of N2O use together with parenteral administration of vitamin B12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: The boon and bane of nitrous oxide.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kronenberg%2C+Golo%22">Kronenberg, Golo</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schoretsanitis%2C+Georgios%22">Schoretsanitis, Georgios</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Seifritz%2C+Erich%22">Seifritz, Erich</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Olbrich%2C+Sebastian%22">Olbrich, Sebastian</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Archives+of+Psychiatry+%26+Clinical+Neuroscience%22">European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 275 Issue 6, p1573-1580. 8p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitrous+oxide%22">Nitrous oxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+care+use%22">Medical care use</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ozone+layer+depletion%22">Ozone layer depletion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Treatment+effectiveness%22">Treatment effectiveness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drug+abuse%22">Drug abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Asphyxia%22">Asphyxia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vitamin+B12+deficiency%22">Vitamin B12 deficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Greenhouse+gases%22">Greenhouse gases</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been known since the end of the eighteenth century. Today, N2O plays a huge role as a greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting stratospheric molecule. The main sources of anthropogenic N2O emissions are agriculture, fuel combustion, wastewater treatment, and various industrial processes. By contrast, the contribution of medical N2O to the greenhouse effect appears to be small. The recreational and medical uses of N2O gradually diverged over time. N2O has analgesic and anesthetic effects, making it widely used in modern dentistry and surgery. New research has also begun studying N2O's antidepressant actions. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism and opioid effects are believed to be the main underlying biochemical mechanisms. At this point, numerous questions remain open and, in particular, the conduct of larger clinical trials will be essential to confirm N2O's use as a rapid-acting antidepressant. The N2O concentration delivered, the duration of a single inhalation, as well as the number of inhalations ultimately required, deserve to be better understood. Finally, the non-medical use of N2O has gained significant attention in recent years. Sudden deaths directly attributed to N2O are primarily due to asphyxia. Heavy, chronic N2O use may result in vitamin B12 deficiency, which, among other things, may cause megaloblastic anemia, venous thrombosis, myeloneuropathy, and skin pigmentation. Helpful biochemical tests include homocysteine and methylmalonic acid. The centerpiece of treatment is complete cessation of N2O use together with parenteral administration of vitamin B12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s00406-024-01801-3
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Ozone layer depletion
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      – SubjectFull: Treatment effectiveness
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      – SubjectFull: Drug abuse
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      – SubjectFull: Asphyxia
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      – SubjectFull: Vitamin B12 deficiency
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      – SubjectFull: Greenhouse gases
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The boon and bane of nitrous oxide.
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            NameFull: Kronenberg, Golo
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            NameFull: Schoretsanitis, Georgios
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
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              Y: 2025
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