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Quantum critical electro-optic and piezo-electric nonlinearities.

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Title: Quantum critical electro-optic and piezo-electric nonlinearities.
Authors: Anderson, Christopher P., Scuri, Giovanni, Chan, Aaron, Eun, Sungjun, White, Alexander D., Ahn, Geun Ho, Jilly, Christine, Safavi-Naeini, Amir, Van Gasse, Kasper, Li, Lu, Vučković, Jelena
Source: Science. 10/23/2025, Vol. 390 Issue 6771, p394-399. 6p.
Subjects: Electrooptics, Photonics, Piezoelectricity, Pockels effect, Optical communications, Optical computing
Abstract: Although electro-optic (EO) nonlinearities are essential for many quantum and classical photonics applications, a major challenge is inefficient modulation in cryogenic environments. Guided by the connection between phase transitions and nonlinearity, we identify the quantum paraelectric perovskite SrTiO3 as a strong cryogenic EO [>500 picometers per volt (pm/V)] and piezo-electric material (>90 picocoulombs per newton) at T = 5 K, at frequencies to at least 1 megahertz. Furthermore, by tuning SrTiO3 toward quantum criticality, we more than double the EO and piezo-electric effects, demonstrating a linear Pockels coefficient above 1000 pm/V. Our results probe the link between quantum phase transitions, dielectric susceptibility, and nonlinearity, unlocking opportunities in cryogenic optical and mechanical systems and providing a framework for discovering new nonlinear materials. Editor's summary: Optical materials that exhibit a large electro-optic response, or Pockels effect, find industrial applications in areas of optical communication, sensing, and computing. There is also a need for such materials in developing quantum technologies, but the electro-optic response at cryogenic temperatures tends to be low. Ulrich et al. and Anderson et al. identified strontium titanate as a promising material to meet the challenge. The ability to engineer a foundry-friendly material with such a strong electro-optic response operating at cryogenic temperature should be useful for developing advanced functional quantum devices for low-temperature applications. —Ian S. Osborne [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Science is the property of American Association for the Advancement of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Quantum critical electro-optic and piezo-electric nonlinearities.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anderson%2C+Christopher+P%2E%22">Anderson, Christopher P.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Scuri%2C+Giovanni%22">Scuri, Giovanni</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chan%2C+Aaron%22">Chan, Aaron</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eun%2C+Sungjun%22">Eun, Sungjun</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22White%2C+Alexander+D%2E%22">White, Alexander D.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahn%2C+Geun+Ho%22">Ahn, Geun Ho</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jilly%2C+Christine%22">Jilly, Christine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Safavi-Naeini%2C+Amir%22">Safavi-Naeini, Amir</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Van+Gasse%2C+Kasper%22">Van Gasse, Kasper</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Lu%22">Li, Lu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vučković%2C+Jelena%22">Vučković, Jelena</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Science%22">Science</searchLink>. 10/23/2025, Vol. 390 Issue 6771, p394-399. 6p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrooptics%22">Electrooptics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photonics%22">Photonics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Piezoelectricity%22">Piezoelectricity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pockels+effect%22">Pockels effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+communications%22">Optical communications</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+computing%22">Optical computing</searchLink>
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  Data: Although electro-optic (EO) nonlinearities are essential for many quantum and classical photonics applications, a major challenge is inefficient modulation in cryogenic environments. Guided by the connection between phase transitions and nonlinearity, we identify the quantum paraelectric perovskite SrTiO3 as a strong cryogenic EO [>500 picometers per volt (pm/V)] and piezo-electric material (>90 picocoulombs per newton) at T = 5 K, at frequencies to at least 1 megahertz. Furthermore, by tuning SrTiO3 toward quantum criticality, we more than double the EO and piezo-electric effects, demonstrating a linear Pockels coefficient above 1000 pm/V. Our results probe the link between quantum phase transitions, dielectric susceptibility, and nonlinearity, unlocking opportunities in cryogenic optical and mechanical systems and providing a framework for discovering new nonlinear materials. Editor's summary: Optical materials that exhibit a large electro-optic response, or Pockels effect, find industrial applications in areas of optical communication, sensing, and computing. There is also a need for such materials in developing quantum technologies, but the electro-optic response at cryogenic temperatures tends to be low. Ulrich et al. and Anderson et al. identified strontium titanate as a promising material to meet the challenge. The ability to engineer a foundry-friendly material with such a strong electro-optic response operating at cryogenic temperature should be useful for developing advanced functional quantum devices for low-temperature applications. —Ian S. Osborne [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Science is the property of American Association for the Advancement of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              Text: 10/23/2025
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