Parents' perceptions of power in the school exclusion process examined through Arnstein's ladder of participation.
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| Title: | Parents' perceptions of power in the school exclusion process examined through Arnstein's ladder of participation. |
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| Authors: | Bridgeman, Jemma (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Educational Review. Nov2025, Vol. 77 Issue 7, p2282-2301. 20p. |
| Subjects: | Power (Social sciences), Participation, Stakeholder theory, Parents, Educational equalization, Student expulsion, Political participation, Decision making |
| Abstract: | Parents have highlighted that they felt powerless in the school exclusion process because school staff speak louder and have all the authority. This study draws on Arnstein's ladder of citizen participation to analyse parents' experiences of the school exclusion process. At the bottom of Arnstein's ladder is nonparticipation; citizens cannot participate in decision-making in this domain. The following domain is tokenism. This is where citizens have a voice and are heard, but their views are not considered. The final domain at the top of the ladder is citizen control; this is where citizens have varying degrees of decision-making power. This paper uses data from semi-structured interviews with parents to understand their children's experiences of school, measures that schools implemented to prevent exclusions, and how they experienced the school exclusion process. The data showed that parents could feel manipulated in the school exclusion process when they were involved too late when school staff had already decided to exclude their children. Conversely, some parents felt that they had the power to influence decisions and valued working in partnership with school staff to inform the sanction their child would receive and avoid permanent exclusion. It is concluded that not all parents have equal influence in the school exclusion process. The findings of this research highlight the need to make sure that all parents are given the opportunity to participate in the exclusion process to ensure that the education system is fairer and more inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Educational Review is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection |
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| Header | DbId: pbh DbLabel: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection An: 188875991 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Parents' perceptions of power in the school exclusion process examined through Arnstein's ladder of participation. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bridgeman%2C+Jemma%22">Bridgeman, Jemma</searchLink> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Educational+Review%22">Educational Review</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 77 Issue 7, p2282-2301. 20p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Power+%28Social+sciences%29%22">Power (Social sciences)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Participation%22">Participation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stakeholder+theory%22">Stakeholder theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parents%22">Parents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+equalization%22">Educational equalization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+expulsion%22">Student expulsion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Political+participation%22">Political participation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Decision+making%22">Decision making</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Parents have highlighted that they felt powerless in the school exclusion process because school staff speak louder and have all the authority. This study draws on Arnstein's ladder of citizen participation to analyse parents' experiences of the school exclusion process. At the bottom of Arnstein's ladder is nonparticipation; citizens cannot participate in decision-making in this domain. The following domain is tokenism. This is where citizens have a voice and are heard, but their views are not considered. The final domain at the top of the ladder is citizen control; this is where citizens have varying degrees of decision-making power. This paper uses data from semi-structured interviews with parents to understand their children's experiences of school, measures that schools implemented to prevent exclusions, and how they experienced the school exclusion process. The data showed that parents could feel manipulated in the school exclusion process when they were involved too late when school staff had already decided to exclude their children. Conversely, some parents felt that they had the power to influence decisions and valued working in partnership with school staff to inform the sanction their child would receive and avoid permanent exclusion. It is concluded that not all parents have equal influence in the school exclusion process. The findings of this research highlight the need to make sure that all parents are given the opportunity to participate in the exclusion process to ensure that the education system is fairer and more inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Educational Review is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=pbh&AN=188875991 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1080/00131911.2024.2418918 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 20 StartPage: 2282 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Power (Social sciences) Type: general – SubjectFull: Participation Type: general – SubjectFull: Stakeholder theory Type: general – SubjectFull: Parents Type: general – SubjectFull: Educational equalization Type: general – SubjectFull: Student expulsion Type: general – SubjectFull: Political participation Type: general – SubjectFull: Decision making Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Parents' perceptions of power in the school exclusion process examined through Arnstein's ladder of participation. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bridgeman, Jemma IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 11 Text: Nov2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00131911 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 77 – Type: issue Value: 7 Titles: – TitleFull: Educational Review Type: main |
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