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Are valence and arousal related to the development of amodal representations of words? A computational study.

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Title: Are valence and arousal related to the development of amodal representations of words? A computational study.
Authors: Martínez-Huertas, José Ángel (AUTHOR), Jorge-Botana, Guillermo (AUTHOR), Martínez-Mingo, Alejandro (AUTHOR), Iglesias, Diego (AUTHOR), Olmos, Ricardo (AUTHOR)
Source: Cognition & Emotion. Nov2025, Vol. 39 Issue 7, p1465-1473. 9p.
Subjects: Emotions, Arousal (Physiology), Spanish language, Linguistic models, Psychological factors
Abstract: In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the amodal (semantic) development of words and two popular emotional norms (emotional valence and arousal) in English and Spanish languages. To do so, we combined the strengths of semantics from vector space models (vector length, semantic diversity, and word maturity measures), and feature-based models of emotions. First, we generated a common vector space representing the meaning of words at different developmental stages (five and four developmental stages for English and Spanish, respectively) using the Word Maturity methodology to align different vector spaces. Second, we analyzed the amodal development of words through mixed-effects models with crossed random effects for words and variables using a continuous time metric. Third, the emotional norms were included as covariates in the statistical models. We evaluated more than 23,000 words, whose emotional norms were available for more than 10,000 words, in each language separately. Results showed a curve of amodal development with an increasing linear effect and a small quadratic deceleration. A relevant influence on the amodal development of words was found only for emotional valence (not for arousal), suggesting that positive words have an earlier amodal development and a less pronounced semantic change across early lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Cognition & Emotion is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Are valence and arousal related to the development of amodal representations of words? A computational study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Martínez-Huertas%2C+José+Ángel%22">Martínez-Huertas, José Ángel</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jorge-Botana%2C+Guillermo%22">Jorge-Botana, Guillermo</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Martínez-Mingo%2C+Alejandro%22">Martínez-Mingo, Alejandro</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Iglesias%2C+Diego%22">Iglesias, Diego</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Olmos%2C+Ricardo%22">Olmos, Ricardo</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Cognition+%26+Emotion%22">Cognition & Emotion</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 39 Issue 7, p1465-1473. 9p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotions%22">Emotions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Arousal+%28Physiology%29%22">Arousal (Physiology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spanish+language%22">Spanish language</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linguistic+models%22">Linguistic models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+factors%22">Psychological factors</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the amodal (semantic) development of words and two popular emotional norms (emotional valence and arousal) in English and Spanish languages. To do so, we combined the strengths of semantics from vector space models (vector length, semantic diversity, and word maturity measures), and feature-based models of emotions. First, we generated a common vector space representing the meaning of words at different developmental stages (five and four developmental stages for English and Spanish, respectively) using the Word Maturity methodology to align different vector spaces. Second, we analyzed the amodal development of words through mixed-effects models with crossed random effects for words and variables using a continuous time metric. Third, the emotional norms were included as covariates in the statistical models. We evaluated more than 23,000 words, whose emotional norms were available for more than 10,000 words, in each language separately. Results showed a curve of amodal development with an increasing linear effect and a small quadratic deceleration. A relevant influence on the amodal development of words was found only for emotional valence (not for arousal), suggesting that positive words have an earlier amodal development and a less pronounced semantic change across early lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Cognition & Emotion is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2283882
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Spanish language
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              Text: Nov2025
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