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Does alcohol use and related harm differ based on the age of initiation to alcohol? Results from a prospective cohort study.

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Title: Does alcohol use and related harm differ based on the age of initiation to alcohol? Results from a prospective cohort study.
Authors: Clare, Philip J. (AUTHOR), Yuen, Wing See (AUTHOR), Henderson, Alexandra (AUTHOR), Kypri, Kypros (AUTHOR), Bruno, Raimondo (AUTHOR), Slade, Tim (AUTHOR), Hutchinson, Delyse (AUTHOR), McBride, Nyanda (AUTHOR), Wodalowski, Monika (AUTHOR), McCambridge, Jim (AUTHOR), Degenhardt, Louisa (AUTHOR), Boland, Veronica C. (AUTHOR), Mattick, Richard P. (AUTHOR), Peacock, Amy (AUTHOR)
Source: Addiction. Jan2026, Vol. 121 Issue 1, p44-57. 14p.
Subjects: Alcoholism risk factors, Risk assessment, Substance abuse, Statistical models, Repeated measures design, Data analysis, Research funding, Schools, Drug addiction, Statistical sampling, Logistic regression analysis, Probability theory, Age distribution, Binge drinking, Classification of mental disorders, Relative medical risk, Descriptive statistics, Longitudinal method, Odds ratio, Surveys, Child Behavior Checklist, Statistics, Alcohol drinking, Alcohols (Chemical class), Confidence intervals, Data analysis software, Time, Regression analysis, Symptoms, Adolescence, Adults
Geographic Terms: Australia
Abstract: Background and Aims: There is evidence to suggest that earlier initiation to alcohol increases the rate and severity of alcohol consumption. However, this often overlooks the fact that earlier initiation also means a longer drinking history. This paper estimated differences in patterns of alcohol use and harm across adolescence and early adulthood, allowing for the fact that the patterns over time may differ depending on the age at which initiation occurred. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Australia. Participants: The Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study (APSALS), a cohort of n = 1906 adolescents recruited in adolescence (mean age 12.9) from 107 Australian schools and followed up until adulthood (11 annual waves total, 2010–2021). Measurements We defined age of initiation as the age at which alcohol consumption was first reported in the study. Our outcomes were amount of alcohol consumed, monthly heavy episodic drinking, alcohol‐related harm and self‐reported symptoms of alcohol use disorder in the years following initiation. Findings Those who initiated at age 12 had a lower risk of consumption [risk ratio (RR) 0.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.01–0.02] in the year following initiation (age 13), compared with those who initiated at age 18. Similarly, those who initiated at age 15 had a lower risk of alcohol use disorder in the year after initiation (RR 0.66; 95% CI = 0.52–0.83), compared with those who initiated at age 18. However, at age 20, those who initiated at age 12 showed higher consumption (RR 1.57; 95% CI = 1.18–2.09), monthly heavy episodic drinking (RR 1.24; 95% CI = 1.02–1.51) and alcohol‐related harms [incidence‐rate ratio (IRR) 1.73; 95% CI = 1.21–2.46] than those who initiated at age 18. Similar results were seen for symptoms consistent with DSM‐IV alcohol dependence (RR 1.20; 95% CI = 1.05–1.38), DSM‐IV alcohol abuse (RR 1.54; 95% CI = 1.04–2.29) and DSM‐5 alcohol use disorder (RR 1.36; 95% CI = 1.12–1.65). However, there was evidence of ageing out, with risk of heavy episodic drinking and alcohol‐related harm peaking around age 20 and then declining, regardless of when initiation occurred. Conclusions: Later initiation to alcohol appears to be associated with more rapid escalation in drinking and related harm, but lower 'peak' harm than earlier initiation. The findings support the current guidelines recommending adolescents avoid alcohol until adulthood, and reinforce the need for public health intervention targeting both children and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Does alcohol use and related harm differ based on the age of initiation to alcohol? Results from a prospective cohort study.
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  Data: Background and Aims: There is evidence to suggest that earlier initiation to alcohol increases the rate and severity of alcohol consumption. However, this often overlooks the fact that earlier initiation also means a longer drinking history. This paper estimated differences in patterns of alcohol use and harm across adolescence and early adulthood, allowing for the fact that the patterns over time may differ depending on the age at which initiation occurred. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Australia. Participants: The Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study (APSALS), a cohort of n = 1906 adolescents recruited in adolescence (mean age 12.9) from 107 Australian schools and followed up until adulthood (11 annual waves total, 2010–2021). Measurements We defined age of initiation as the age at which alcohol consumption was first reported in the study. Our outcomes were amount of alcohol consumed, monthly heavy episodic drinking, alcohol‐related harm and self‐reported symptoms of alcohol use disorder in the years following initiation. Findings Those who initiated at age 12 had a lower risk of consumption [risk ratio (RR) 0.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.01–0.02] in the year following initiation (age 13), compared with those who initiated at age 18. Similarly, those who initiated at age 15 had a lower risk of alcohol use disorder in the year after initiation (RR 0.66; 95% CI = 0.52–0.83), compared with those who initiated at age 18. However, at age 20, those who initiated at age 12 showed higher consumption (RR 1.57; 95% CI = 1.18–2.09), monthly heavy episodic drinking (RR 1.24; 95% CI = 1.02–1.51) and alcohol‐related harms [incidence‐rate ratio (IRR) 1.73; 95% CI = 1.21–2.46] than those who initiated at age 18. Similar results were seen for symptoms consistent with DSM‐IV alcohol dependence (RR 1.20; 95% CI = 1.05–1.38), DSM‐IV alcohol abuse (RR 1.54; 95% CI = 1.04–2.29) and DSM‐5 alcohol use disorder (RR 1.36; 95% CI = 1.12–1.65). However, there was evidence of ageing out, with risk of heavy episodic drinking and alcohol‐related harm peaking around age 20 and then declining, regardless of when initiation occurred. Conclusions: Later initiation to alcohol appears to be associated with more rapid escalation in drinking and related harm, but lower 'peak' harm than earlier initiation. The findings support the current guidelines recommending adolescents avoid alcohol until adulthood, and reinforce the need for public health intervention targeting both children and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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