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Eugenol counteracts oxidative challenges, inflammation, and apoptosis associated with lead acetate-induced hepatorenal injury.

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Title: Eugenol counteracts oxidative challenges, inflammation, and apoptosis associated with lead acetate-induced hepatorenal injury.
Authors: Kassab, Rami B. (AUTHOR)
Source: Saudi Journal for Health Sciences. Sep-Dec2025, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p313-321. 9p.
Subjects: Eugenol, Oxidative stress, Lead, Inflammation, Antioxidants, Apoptosis, Hepatorenal syndrome, Therapeutics
Abstract: Background: Lead exposure poses significant environmental health risks, causing organ damage through oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular death. Eugenol, a natural phenolic compound from clove oil, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties. Aims: This study was designed to evaluate eugenol's protective effects against lead acetate-induced liver and kidney damage. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 7): control, eugenol alone (20 mg/kg), lead acetate (20 mg/kg), and combination treatment. After 7 days of intraperitoneal administration, researchers assessed tissue lead levels, organ function markers, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic proteins. Histopathological analysis evaluated tissue architecture. Results: Lead acetate significantly elevated tissue lead accumulation and impaired organ function (increased alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, and creatinine). Oxidative damage was evident through increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide, with depleted antioxidant defenses. Inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta) and proapoptotic proteins were markedly elevated. Eugenol cotreatment substantially reduced lead accumulation, restored organ function, enhanced antioxidant capacity, suppressed inflammation, and prevented cell death while preserving normal tissue structure. Conclusions: Eugenol provides comprehensive protection against lead-induced hepatorenal toxicity through multiple mechanisms. These findings support eugenol's potential as a natural therapeutic intervention for lead poisoning, warranting further clinical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Saudi Journal for Health Sciences is the property of Wolters Kluwer India Pvt Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Eugenol counteracts oxidative challenges, inflammation, and apoptosis associated with lead acetate-induced hepatorenal injury.
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kassab%2C+Rami+B%2E%22">Kassab, Rami B.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Saudi+Journal+for+Health+Sciences%22">Saudi Journal for Health Sciences</searchLink>. Sep-Dec2025, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p313-321. 9p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Eugenol%22">Eugenol</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oxidative+stress%22">Oxidative stress</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lead%22">Lead</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inflammation%22">Inflammation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antioxidants%22">Antioxidants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Apoptosis%22">Apoptosis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hepatorenal+syndrome%22">Hepatorenal syndrome</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Therapeutics%22">Therapeutics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Lead exposure poses significant environmental health risks, causing organ damage through oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular death. Eugenol, a natural phenolic compound from clove oil, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties. Aims: This study was designed to evaluate eugenol's protective effects against lead acetate-induced liver and kidney damage. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 7): control, eugenol alone (20 mg/kg), lead acetate (20 mg/kg), and combination treatment. After 7 days of intraperitoneal administration, researchers assessed tissue lead levels, organ function markers, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic proteins. Histopathological analysis evaluated tissue architecture. Results: Lead acetate significantly elevated tissue lead accumulation and impaired organ function (increased alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, and creatinine). Oxidative damage was evident through increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide, with depleted antioxidant defenses. Inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta) and proapoptotic proteins were markedly elevated. Eugenol cotreatment substantially reduced lead accumulation, restored organ function, enhanced antioxidant capacity, suppressed inflammation, and prevented cell death while preserving normal tissue structure. Conclusions: Eugenol provides comprehensive protection against lead-induced hepatorenal toxicity through multiple mechanisms. These findings support eugenol's potential as a natural therapeutic intervention for lead poisoning, warranting further clinical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Saudi Journal for Health Sciences is the property of Wolters Kluwer India Pvt Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_91_25
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 313
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Eugenol
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oxidative stress
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lead
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inflammation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antioxidants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Apoptosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hepatorenal syndrome
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Therapeutics
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Eugenol counteracts oxidative challenges, inflammation, and apoptosis associated with lead acetate-induced hepatorenal injury.
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep-Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 14
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