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Investigating the Influence of Training Difficulty on the Learning Outcomes of Medical Students.

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Title: Investigating the Influence of Training Difficulty on the Learning Outcomes of Medical Students.
Authors: Kandemir, Erva Nihan (AUTHOR), Vie, Jill‐Jênn (AUTHOR), Sanchez‐Ayte, Adam (AUTHOR), Palombi, Olivier (AUTHOR), Ramus, Franck (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. Feb2026, Vol. 42 Issue 1, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Medical education, Academic medical centers, Educational outcomes, French people, Clinical trials, Educational tests & measurements, Internet, Multivariate analysis, Descriptive statistics, Medical students, Experience, Students, Research methodology, Learning strategies, Computer assisted instruction, Algorithms
Geographic Terms: France
Abstract: Background: Determining an optimal training difficulty level for the best learning outcome is a crucial goal for adaptive educational systems. The literature supports the Inverted U‐shape Hypothesis, suggesting that the ideal challenge level for learning is neither too easy nor too difficult. However, this optimal point depends on the type of training and response modality and may vary across domains, necessitating thorough examination before implementing adaptive learning procedures. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of training difficulty on the learning outcomes of French medical students. Methods: Using data from a national educational platform, we explored the influence of the mean question difficulty encountered during training, relative to individual student ability, on the learning outcomes of medical students across diverse medical specialties. Importantly, the mean difficulty level varied randomly between students on this platform, mirroring a quasi‐experimental design and enabling a thorough exploration of these effects. We first employed the Elo rating system to estimate the difficulty of platform questions and the evolution of students' abilities. A linear mixed‐effects model was then used, with final exam performance as the main outcome and mean relative question difficulty during training (linear and quadratic terms) as the main predictor. Results and Conclusions: Results showed a significant negative quadratic effect of mean relative difficulty on the final exam performance, revealing optimal difficulty levels for each medical specialty. Additionally, the analysis demonstrated that students with high abilities displayed a more pronounced inverted U‐shaped relationship between training difficulty and final exam scores. This study advances our understanding of optimal training difficulty in the complex realm of medical education, by emphasising the need to acknowledge variability across medical specialties and student abilities. Lay Summary: What is currently known about this topic: The concept of an optimal level of challenge in learning, known as the Inverted U‐shape Hypothesis, suggests that the best learning outcomes occur when tasks are neither too easy nor too hard.The exact level of optimal difficulty can vary based on the subject and the individual's abilities What this paper adds: Explores the impact of training difficulty on learning outcomes specifically for French medical students using a national educational platform.Confirms the Inverted U‐shape Hypothesis in French medical education.Reveals that optimal training difficulty varies across medical specialties and individual differences. Implications for practice and/or policy: Supports personalised difficulty adjustments in educational systems to enhance learning outcomes.Recommends adaptive learning technologies that tailor the difficulty to student abilities and subject complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Computer Assisted Learning is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Investigating the Influence of Training Difficulty on the Learning Outcomes of Medical Students.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Computer+Assisted+Learning%22">Journal of Computer Assisted Learning</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 42 Issue 1, p1-17. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+education%22">Medical education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Academic+medical+centers%22">Academic medical centers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+outcomes%22">Educational outcomes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22French+people%22">French people</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clinical+trials%22">Clinical trials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+tests+%26+measurements%22">Educational tests & measurements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internet%22">Internet</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multivariate+analysis%22">Multivariate analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+students%22">Medical students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Experience%22">Experience</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Students%22">Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology%22">Research methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Learning+strategies%22">Learning strategies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+assisted+instruction%22">Computer assisted instruction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Algorithms%22">Algorithms</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22France%22">France</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Background: Determining an optimal training difficulty level for the best learning outcome is a crucial goal for adaptive educational systems. The literature supports the Inverted U‐shape Hypothesis, suggesting that the ideal challenge level for learning is neither too easy nor too difficult. However, this optimal point depends on the type of training and response modality and may vary across domains, necessitating thorough examination before implementing adaptive learning procedures. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of training difficulty on the learning outcomes of French medical students. Methods: Using data from a national educational platform, we explored the influence of the mean question difficulty encountered during training, relative to individual student ability, on the learning outcomes of medical students across diverse medical specialties. Importantly, the mean difficulty level varied randomly between students on this platform, mirroring a quasi‐experimental design and enabling a thorough exploration of these effects. We first employed the Elo rating system to estimate the difficulty of platform questions and the evolution of students' abilities. A linear mixed‐effects model was then used, with final exam performance as the main outcome and mean relative question difficulty during training (linear and quadratic terms) as the main predictor. Results and Conclusions: Results showed a significant negative quadratic effect of mean relative difficulty on the final exam performance, revealing optimal difficulty levels for each medical specialty. Additionally, the analysis demonstrated that students with high abilities displayed a more pronounced inverted U‐shaped relationship between training difficulty and final exam scores. This study advances our understanding of optimal training difficulty in the complex realm of medical education, by emphasising the need to acknowledge variability across medical specialties and student abilities. Lay Summary: What is currently known about this topic: The concept of an optimal level of challenge in learning, known as the Inverted U‐shape Hypothesis, suggests that the best learning outcomes occur when tasks are neither too easy nor too hard.The exact level of optimal difficulty can vary based on the subject and the individual's abilities What this paper adds: Explores the impact of training difficulty on learning outcomes specifically for French medical students using a national educational platform.Confirms the Inverted U‐shape Hypothesis in French medical education.Reveals that optimal training difficulty varies across medical specialties and individual differences. Implications for practice and/or policy: Supports personalised difficulty adjustments in educational systems to enhance learning outcomes.Recommends adaptive learning technologies that tailor the difficulty to student abilities and subject complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Computer Assisted Learning is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=pbh&AN=191181624
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        Value: 10.1002/jcal.70172
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Medical education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Academic medical centers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Educational outcomes
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Medical students
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      – SubjectFull: Computer assisted instruction
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      – SubjectFull: France
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              Text: Feb2026
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