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Delayed Milestones and Demographic Factors Relate to the Accuracy of Autism Screening in Females Using Spoken Language.

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Title: Delayed Milestones and Demographic Factors Relate to the Accuracy of Autism Screening in Females Using Spoken Language.
Authors: Kniola, Ashley (AUTHOR), Ludwig, Natasha N (AUTHOR), Singh, Vini (AUTHOR), Bradley, Catherine (AUTHOR), Carpenter, Laura (AUTHOR), Dillon, Emily F (AUTHOR), Kanne, Stephen (AUTHOR), Kim, So Hyun (AUTHOR), Parish-Morris, Julia (AUTHOR), Snyder, LeeAnne Green (AUTHOR), Wodka, Ericka L (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders. Feb2026, Vol. 56 Issue 2, p547-559. 13p.
Subjects: Diagnosis of autism, Behavior disorders, Cross-sectional method, Women, Secondary analysis, Research funding, Questionnaires, Logistic regression analysis, Descriptive statistics, Developmental disabilities, Attention, Communication, Child Behavior Checklist, Asperger's syndrome, Medical screening, Sociodemographic factors, Data analysis software, Sensitivity & specificity (Statistics), Mental depression, Social problems
Abstract: Examine how milestone development, demographics, and emotional/behavioral functioning predict autistic females meeting the cutoff on a commonly used Autism screening tool (Social Communication Questionnaire: SCQ). We hypothesized that autistic girls with fewer developmental delays, whose parents have lower education, or are Black or Multiracial would be less likely to meet the SCQ cutoff. Further, those with more symptoms of Withdrawal/Depression, Social Problems, Thought Problems, and Attention Problems on the (Child Behavioral Checklist: CBCL) would be more likely to screen positive. A subset of participants enrolled in a large national cohort (SPARK) were included (5,946 autistic females). A cutoff score on the SCQ of 11 was used to form groups: Meet (M: N = 5,186) and Not Meeting (NM: N = 760). Autistic girls who had delayed toileting and motor milestones and whose parents attained higher education were more likely to screen positive. Girls who scored within the clinical range on the CBCL Thought Problems and Attention Problems syndrome scales were more likely to screen positive. Race and reported symptoms on the Withdrawn/Depressed and Social Problems syndrome scales did not relate to screening status. Results further support the existing literature suggesting that autistic girls must present with more significant delays/symptoms to be screened and diagnosed with autism, which can could impact their access to early intervention services and future skill development. Future research should examine additional factors that specifically put females at a disadvantage for being accurately identified, particularly for those who are speaking and/or of average cognitive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Delayed Milestones and Demographic Factors Relate to the Accuracy of Autism Screening in Females Using Spoken Language.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kniola%2C+Ashley%22">Kniola, Ashley</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ludwig%2C+Natasha+N%22">Ludwig, Natasha N</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Singh%2C+Vini%22">Singh, Vini</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bradley%2C+Catherine%22">Bradley, Catherine</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carpenter%2C+Laura%22">Carpenter, Laura</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dillon%2C+Emily+F%22">Dillon, Emily F</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kanne%2C+Stephen%22">Kanne, Stephen</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+So+Hyun%22">Kim, So Hyun</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Parish-Morris%2C+Julia%22">Parish-Morris, Julia</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Snyder%2C+LeeAnne+Green%22">Snyder, LeeAnne Green</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wodka%2C+Ericka+L%22">Wodka, Ericka L</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Autism+%26+Developmental+Disorders%22">Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 56 Issue 2, p547-559. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diagnosis+of+autism%22">Diagnosis of autism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+disorders%22">Behavior disorders</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cross-sectional+method%22">Cross-sectional method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Women%22">Women</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+analysis%22">Secondary analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Questionnaires%22">Questionnaires</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Logistic+regression+analysis%22">Logistic regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Developmental+disabilities%22">Developmental disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention%22">Attention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Communication%22">Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+Behavior+Checklist%22">Child Behavior Checklist</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Asperger's+syndrome%22">Asperger's syndrome</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+screening%22">Medical screening</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sociodemographic+factors%22">Sociodemographic factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensitivity+%26+specificity+%28Statistics%29%22">Sensitivity & specificity (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+depression%22">Mental depression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+problems%22">Social problems</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Examine how milestone development, demographics, and emotional/behavioral functioning predict autistic females meeting the cutoff on a commonly used Autism screening tool (Social Communication Questionnaire: SCQ). We hypothesized that autistic girls with fewer developmental delays, whose parents have lower education, or are Black or Multiracial would be less likely to meet the SCQ cutoff. Further, those with more symptoms of Withdrawal/Depression, Social Problems, Thought Problems, and Attention Problems on the (Child Behavioral Checklist: CBCL) would be more likely to screen positive. A subset of participants enrolled in a large national cohort (SPARK) were included (5,946 autistic females). A cutoff score on the SCQ of 11 was used to form groups: Meet (M: N = 5,186) and Not Meeting (NM: N = 760). Autistic girls who had delayed toileting and motor milestones and whose parents attained higher education were more likely to screen positive. Girls who scored within the clinical range on the CBCL Thought Problems and Attention Problems syndrome scales were more likely to screen positive. Race and reported symptoms on the Withdrawn/Depressed and Social Problems syndrome scales did not relate to screening status. Results further support the existing literature suggesting that autistic girls must present with more significant delays/symptoms to be screened and diagnosed with autism, which can could impact their access to early intervention services and future skill development. Future research should examine additional factors that specifically put females at a disadvantage for being accurately identified, particularly for those who are speaking and/or of average cognitive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10803-024-06579-w
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