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Development and Testing of a Self-Paced Virtual Reality-Based Naloxone Training.

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Title: Development and Testing of a Self-Paced Virtual Reality-Based Naloxone Training.
Authors: Jayawardene, Wasantha (AUTHOR), Kumbalatara, Chesmi (AUTHOR), Kase, Matthew (AUTHOR), Goodson, Alana (AUTHOR), Park, Amy (AUTHOR), Willett, Joanna (AUTHOR), Barrows, Scott (AUTHOR), Bolinski, Rebecca (AUTHOR), Magnuson, Roy (AUTHOR)
Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2026, Vol. 61 Issue 3, p471-476. 6p.
Subjects: Drug overdose, Self-efficacy, Qualitative research, Intranasal administration, T-test (Statistics), Data analysis, Statistical significance, Research funding, Interviewing, Quantitative research, Descriptive statistics, Virtual reality, Simulation methods in education, Attitudes of medical personnel, Research methodology, Statistics, Naloxone, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Health education, Data analysis software
Abstract: Objectives: With increased availability of naloxone, there is an increased need for scalable naloxone training programs. Current naloxone training efforts are promising, however, developing more interactive training platforms to improve self-efficacy in reversing overdoses and reducing anxiety associated with attending victims in real-life, especially among laypersons, remain major challenges. To address this gap, we developed a self-paced "Virtual Reality Naloxone Training (VeNT)" and tested its usability and acceptability. Methods: Using the Apple Vision Pro spatial computing headset, a mixed reality (MR) application was developed to allow trainees to interact with virtual objects while seeing their surroundings, e.g., administering naloxone spray to a virtual patient. VeNT was field tested in diverse environments, e.g., offices, homes, and outdoor spaces, with diverse participants (N = 25), e.g., people who use drugs, potential bystanders, doctors, firefighters, tech experts, using pre-post surveys and qualitative interviews. It involved a self-paced simulated tutorial and interactive overdose response activities, rescue breathing, and chest compression. Results: VeNT significantly improved knowledge in recognizing an overdose and confidence in administering naloxone, rescue breathing, and chest compressions, while increasing intent to help and reducing uncertainty in responding to overdoses. Participants found VeNT more engaging than traditional training methods, noting its realism, simulated patient responses, immersive experience, and effectiveness in boosting knowledge and confidence. Conclusion: VeNT offers a cost-effective solution to an unmet need, because it can be provided in diverse settings, involving more engaging techniques, compared to traditional in-person or online trainings. It also demonstrates feasibility and scalability of MR-based naloxone training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Substance Use & Misuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Development and Testing of a Self-Paced Virtual Reality-Based Naloxone Training.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jayawardene%2C+Wasantha%22">Jayawardene, Wasantha</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kumbalatara%2C+Chesmi%22">Kumbalatara, Chesmi</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kase%2C+Matthew%22">Kase, Matthew</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Goodson%2C+Alana%22">Goodson, Alana</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Park%2C+Amy%22">Park, Amy</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Willett%2C+Joanna%22">Willett, Joanna</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barrows%2C+Scott%22">Barrows, Scott</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bolinski%2C+Rebecca%22">Bolinski, Rebecca</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Magnuson%2C+Roy%22">Magnuson, Roy</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Substance+Use+%26+Misuse%22">Substance Use & Misuse</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 61 Issue 3, p471-476. 6p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drug+overdose%22">Drug overdose</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Self-efficacy%22">Self-efficacy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Qualitative+research%22">Qualitative research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intranasal+administration%22">Intranasal administration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22T-test+%28Statistics%29%22">T-test (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis%22">Data analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+significance%22">Statistical significance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interviewing%22">Interviewing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quantitative+research%22">Quantitative research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Virtual+reality%22">Virtual reality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Simulation+methods+in+education%22">Simulation methods in education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attitudes+of+medical+personnel%22">Attitudes of medical personnel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology%22">Research methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Naloxone%22">Naloxone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cardiopulmonary+resuscitation%22">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Health+education%22">Health education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objectives: With increased availability of naloxone, there is an increased need for scalable naloxone training programs. Current naloxone training efforts are promising, however, developing more interactive training platforms to improve self-efficacy in reversing overdoses and reducing anxiety associated with attending victims in real-life, especially among laypersons, remain major challenges. To address this gap, we developed a self-paced "Virtual Reality Naloxone Training (VeNT)" and tested its usability and acceptability. Methods: Using the Apple Vision Pro spatial computing headset, a mixed reality (MR) application was developed to allow trainees to interact with virtual objects while seeing their surroundings, e.g., administering naloxone spray to a virtual patient. VeNT was field tested in diverse environments, e.g., offices, homes, and outdoor spaces, with diverse participants (N = 25), e.g., people who use drugs, potential bystanders, doctors, firefighters, tech experts, using pre-post surveys and qualitative interviews. It involved a self-paced simulated tutorial and interactive overdose response activities, rescue breathing, and chest compression. Results: VeNT significantly improved knowledge in recognizing an overdose and confidence in administering naloxone, rescue breathing, and chest compressions, while increasing intent to help and reducing uncertainty in responding to overdoses. Participants found VeNT more engaging than traditional training methods, noting its realism, simulated patient responses, immersive experience, and effectiveness in boosting knowledge and confidence. Conclusion: VeNT offers a cost-effective solution to an unmet need, because it can be provided in diverse settings, involving more engaging techniques, compared to traditional in-person or online trainings. It also demonstrates feasibility and scalability of MR-based naloxone training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Substance Use & Misuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/10826084.2025.2560073
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Drug overdose
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Self-efficacy
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      – SubjectFull: Qualitative research
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      – SubjectFull: Intranasal administration
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical significance
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
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      – SubjectFull: Virtual reality
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      – SubjectFull: Attitudes of medical personnel
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      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
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