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Exploring the utility of process scores in elucidating the role of cognitive and affective factors that influence verbal fluency performance in Parkinson's disease.

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Title: Exploring the utility of process scores in elucidating the role of cognitive and affective factors that influence verbal fluency performance in Parkinson's disease.
Authors: Wandell, Catie J. (AUTHOR), Torres, Karen (AUTHOR)
Source: Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. Mar/Apr2026, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p382-393. 12p.
Subjects: Parkinson's disease, Executive function, Verbal behavior testing, Apathy, Cognitive ability, Psychological factors
Abstract: Objectives: Cognitive and affective factors have been implicated in verbal fluency (VF) performance in Parkinson's disease (PD). This exploratory study aimed to investigate the relationships between cognitive and affective variables on traditional ("core") and "process" (error and interval) scores of VF and elucidate unique information these scores may provide regarding mechanisms underlying VF. Methods: Sixty-two PD patients without dementia completed clinical neuropsychological examinations consisting of attention, processing speed, language, executive functioning, visuospatial, memory, and mood measures. Hierarchical regression and negative binomial regression analyses were used to evaluate relationships between outcome and predictor variables. Results: Generativity results revealed that processing speed and working memory explained up to 34% of the variance of total letter fluency responses (p = <.001) and processing speed explained 24% of the variance for total semantic fluency (p =.003). For category switching generativity, only age predicted 20% of the variance (p =.01). Two executive functioning measures were negatively associated with error production over the duration (b = −.055, p =.028; b = −.062, p =.004) and final 45-second interval (b = −.072, p =.003; b = −.044, p =.033) of the category switching task. In the initial 15-second task interval, a positive predictive relationship between error production and indifference apathy (b =.616, p =.044) was demonstrated. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate the potential utility of "process" scores in detecting subtle cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients without dementia and tentatively evidence the role of indifference apathy in task initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied Neuropsychology: Adult is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Exploring the utility of process scores in elucidating the role of cognitive and affective factors that influence verbal fluency performance in Parkinson&#39;s disease.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Wandell%2C+Catie+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Wandell, Catie J.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Torres%2C+Karen%22&quot;&gt;Torres, Karen&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Applied+Neuropsychology%3A+Adult%22&quot;&gt;Applied Neuropsychology: Adult&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Mar/Apr2026, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p382-393. 12p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Parkinson&#39;s+disease%22&quot;&gt;Parkinson&#39;s disease&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Executive+function%22&quot;&gt;Executive function&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Verbal+behavior+testing%22&quot;&gt;Verbal behavior testing&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Apathy%22&quot;&gt;Apathy&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Cognitive+ability%22&quot;&gt;Cognitive ability&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Psychological+factors%22&quot;&gt;Psychological factors&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objectives: Cognitive and affective factors have been implicated in verbal fluency (VF) performance in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This exploratory study aimed to investigate the relationships between cognitive and affective variables on traditional (&quot;core&quot;) and &quot;process&quot; (error and interval) scores of VF and elucidate unique information these scores may provide regarding mechanisms underlying VF. Methods: Sixty-two PD patients without dementia completed clinical neuropsychological examinations consisting of attention, processing speed, language, executive functioning, visuospatial, memory, and mood measures. Hierarchical regression and negative binomial regression analyses were used to evaluate relationships between outcome and predictor variables. Results: Generativity results revealed that processing speed and working memory explained up to 34% of the variance of total letter fluency responses (p = &lt;.001) and processing speed explained 24% of the variance for total semantic fluency (p =.003). For category switching generativity, only age predicted 20% of the variance (p =.01). Two executive functioning measures were negatively associated with error production over the duration (b = −.055, p =.028; b = −.062, p =.004) and final 45-second interval (b = −.072, p =.003; b = −.044, p =.033) of the category switching task. In the initial 15-second task interval, a positive predictive relationship between error production and indifference apathy (b =.616, p =.044) was demonstrated. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate the potential utility of &quot;process&quot; scores in detecting subtle cognitive impairment in Parkinson&#39;s disease patients without dementia and tentatively evidence the role of indifference apathy in task initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Applied Neuropsychology: Adult is the property of Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2359446
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Executive function
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Verbal behavior testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Apathy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognitive ability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychological factors
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Exploring the utility of process scores in elucidating the role of cognitive and affective factors that influence verbal fluency performance in Parkinson's disease.
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            NameFull: Wandell, Catie J.
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            NameFull: Torres, Karen
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            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar/Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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