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Toward Methods for Assessing Racial Socialization in Early Childhood in Black American Families.

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Title: Toward Methods for Assessing Racial Socialization in Early Childhood in Black American Families.
Authors: Keenan, Kate (AUTHOR), Anderson, Leslie (AUTHOR), Mbayiwa, Kimberley (AUTHOR), Walton, Sarah (AUTHOR), Moore, Marquesa (AUTHOR), Gipson, Cherrelle J. (AUTHOR), Humphries, Marisha (AUTHOR), Li, Jiayan (AUTHOR), Yartey, Breanna (AUTHOR), Wyke, Chinara (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. Mar/Apr2026, Vol. 55 Issue 2, p360-370. 11p.
Subjects: Ethnic-racial socialization, Parenting, Child development, Race awareness, Black people, Race identity, Cultural identity
Abstract: Objective: The goal of the present study was to conduct focus groups on the parameters of racial socialization in early childhood to inform the development of methods of assessment in the research context. Methods: Black mothers of 4–6-year-old children were guided by four questions: if and how mothers discuss race and racism; why they decide to talk about race and racism; when and in what contexts they consider discussing race and racism; and what they say to their children. Coded transcripts were used to describe racial socialization practices. Results: Mothers described balancing a desire for their children to have strong racial identities with concerns about their emotional and cognitive readiness for processing information about race and racism. Broad approaches to racial socialization, including incorporating socialization into day-to-day parenting practices, affirming their children's beauty and culture, and discussing humanistic qualities that the mothers value, characterized their racial socialization practices. Mothers described responding to their children's questions or observations of their day-to-day experiences (e.g. peers with different skin color) to introduce broad concepts about race. Conclusion: Black mothers want to guide their children's racial socialization in ways that are consistent with their developmental level. Developing tools that include images and prompts that place young children in familiar contexts and provide mothers with the opportunity to use the foundation of physical characteristics and interpersonal interactions to expand and scaffold discussions about race and racism with their children should yield valid and salient data for supporting the health of Black youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Toward Methods for Assessing Racial Socialization in Early Childhood in Black American Families.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Keenan%2C+Kate%22">Keenan, Kate</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anderson%2C+Leslie%22">Anderson, Leslie</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mbayiwa%2C+Kimberley%22">Mbayiwa, Kimberley</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Walton%2C+Sarah%22">Walton, Sarah</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moore%2C+Marquesa%22">Moore, Marquesa</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gipson%2C+Cherrelle+J%2E%22">Gipson, Cherrelle J.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Humphries%2C+Marisha%22">Humphries, Marisha</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Jiayan%22">Li, Jiayan</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yartey%2C+Breanna%22">Yartey, Breanna</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wyke%2C+Chinara%22">Wyke, Chinara</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Clinical+Child+%26+Adolescent+Psychology%22">Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology</searchLink>. Mar/Apr2026, Vol. 55 Issue 2, p360-370. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnic-racial+socialization%22">Ethnic-racial socialization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parenting%22">Parenting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+development%22">Child development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Race+awareness%22">Race awareness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Black+people%22">Black people</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Race+identity%22">Race identity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cultural+identity%22">Cultural identity</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Objective: The goal of the present study was to conduct focus groups on the parameters of racial socialization in early childhood to inform the development of methods of assessment in the research context. Methods: Black mothers of 4–6-year-old children were guided by four questions: if and how mothers discuss race and racism; why they decide to talk about race and racism; when and in what contexts they consider discussing race and racism; and what they say to their children. Coded transcripts were used to describe racial socialization practices. Results: Mothers described balancing a desire for their children to have strong racial identities with concerns about their emotional and cognitive readiness for processing information about race and racism. Broad approaches to racial socialization, including incorporating socialization into day-to-day parenting practices, affirming their children's beauty and culture, and discussing humanistic qualities that the mothers value, characterized their racial socialization practices. Mothers described responding to their children's questions or observations of their day-to-day experiences (e.g. peers with different skin color) to introduce broad concepts about race. Conclusion: Black mothers want to guide their children's racial socialization in ways that are consistent with their developmental level. Developing tools that include images and prompts that place young children in familiar contexts and provide mothers with the opportunity to use the foundation of physical characteristics and interpersonal interactions to expand and scaffold discussions about race and racism with their children should yield valid and salient data for supporting the health of Black youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/15374416.2025.2592948
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      – SubjectFull: Parenting
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      – SubjectFull: Child development
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      – SubjectFull: Race awareness
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      – SubjectFull: Black people
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      – SubjectFull: Race identity
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      – SubjectFull: Cultural identity
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              Text: Mar/Apr2026
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