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Factor Analysis of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and Corresponding Brain Function and Structures.

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Title: Factor Analysis of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and Corresponding Brain Function and Structures.
Authors: Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. (AUTHOR), Mitkani, Calypso (AUTHOR), Kyziridis, Theocharis (AUTHOR), Panagiotidis, Panagiotis (AUTHOR), Tsapakis, Eva‐Maria (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. Mar2026, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p1-22. 22p.
Subjects: Factor analysis, Brain anatomy, Neurologic examination, Information processing, Brain abnormalities, Control (Psychology), Attention control, Cognitive ability
Abstract: Objective: Neurological soft signs (NSS) are minor, non‐localizable neurological abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Neurological Evaluation Scale. Material and Methods: A total of 355 subjects (233 patients and 122 general population subjects). NSS were assessed using the NES. Factor analysis with varimax normalized rotation was applied and produced first, second, third, and fourth‐order factors. Results: The first factor analysis returned 13 first‐order factors. Subsequent analysis returned 7 second‐order factors, 3 third‐order factors, and ultimately a single fourth‐order factor. These factors could theoretically correspond to functional neural circuits and anatomical structures. Discussion: The NES captures three core domains that seem to correspond to attentional control, inhibition, and information processing, further subdivided into sensory process and memory, dysfunctional attentional control, process overload, and impaired inhibition with cerebellar involvement. Further research with structural as well as functional imaging methods will be important to elucidate the mechanisms behind the emergence of NSS and identify individuals at risk for the development of psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Factor Analysis of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and Corresponding Brain Function and Structures.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fountoulakis%2C+Konstantinos+N%2E%22">Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mitkani%2C+Calypso%22">Mitkani, Calypso</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kyziridis%2C+Theocharis%22">Kyziridis, Theocharis</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Panagiotidis%2C+Panagiotis%22">Panagiotidis, Panagiotis</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tsapakis%2C+Eva‐Maria%22">Tsapakis, Eva‐Maria</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Methods+in+Psychiatric+Research%22">International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p1-22. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Factor+analysis%22">Factor analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+anatomy%22">Brain anatomy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurologic+examination%22">Neurologic examination</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Information+processing%22">Information processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+abnormalities%22">Brain abnormalities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Control+%28Psychology%29%22">Control (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention+control%22">Attention control</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognitive+ability%22">Cognitive ability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective: Neurological soft signs (NSS) are minor, non‐localizable neurological abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Neurological Evaluation Scale. Material and Methods: A total of 355 subjects (233 patients and 122 general population subjects). NSS were assessed using the NES. Factor analysis with varimax normalized rotation was applied and produced first, second, third, and fourth‐order factors. Results: The first factor analysis returned 13 first‐order factors. Subsequent analysis returned 7 second‐order factors, 3 third‐order factors, and ultimately a single fourth‐order factor. These factors could theoretically correspond to functional neural circuits and anatomical structures. Discussion: The NES captures three core domains that seem to correspond to attentional control, inhibition, and information processing, further subdivided into sensory process and memory, dysfunctional attentional control, process overload, and impaired inhibition with cerebellar involvement. Further research with structural as well as functional imaging methods will be important to elucidate the mechanisms behind the emergence of NSS and identify individuals at risk for the development of psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/mpr.70060
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Information processing
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      – SubjectFull: Cognitive ability
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      – TitleFull: Factor Analysis of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and Corresponding Brain Function and Structures.
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            NameFull: Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.
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            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
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              Y: 2026
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