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Craving in Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Use Disorder: multidimensional Assessment Before and After Detoxification and Its Association with Relapse.

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Title: Craving in Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Use Disorder: multidimensional Assessment Before and After Detoxification and Its Association with Relapse.
Authors: Wood, Amber M.L. (AUTHOR), Beurmanjer, Harmen (AUTHOR), Schellekens, Arnt F.A. (AUTHOR), Dijkstra, Boukje A.G. (AUTHOR)
Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2026, Vol. 61 Issue 7, p964-970. 7p.
Subjects: Substance abuse, Predictive tests, Detoxification (Alternative medicine), Secondary analysis, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, Logistic regression analysis, Scientific observation, Questionnaires, Descriptive statistics, Anxiety, Desire, Longitudinal method, Research, Analysis of variance, Psychological stress, Disease relapse, Data analysis software, Comorbidity
Geographic Terms: Netherlands
Abstract: Background: Gamma-Hydroxybutyric (GHB) acid is a highly addictive recreational drug. People who develop GHB use disorder (GUD) show poor treatment outcomes with relapse rates of over 50% within three months after detoxification. Craving is an important predictor of relapse but has received limited attention in patients with GUD. This study aimed to (1) describe craving levels before and after detoxification and (2) assess the predictive value of craving for relapse in patients with GUD. Methods: Data from a multicenter prospective study of patients with GUD (n = 128) at six Dutch addiction facilities were analyzed. The Desire Thinking Questionnaire (DTQ) and Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) were used to assess craving. Differences over time were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. A binary logistic regression was performed to assess the predictive value of craving for relapse three months after detoxification. Results: 32 patients (45%) relapsed within three months after detoxification. Craving decreased after detoxification (p < 0.001). The DTQ scores showed a significant decrease ranging between 39.9% and 48.1%. The DDQ scores decreased with 19.5% to 52.7%, with the largest decrease on the subscale "Desire and Intention." Only the DDQ total score after detoxification negatively predicted relapse (p = 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that patients with GUD experience high levels of craving, which decrease after detoxification. Furthermore, as for other addictions, craving levels seems relevant for the risk of relapse, though explained variance was limited. Future studies should further explore craving and other potential contributors to the high relapse rates observed in GUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Substance Use & Misuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Craving in Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Use Disorder: multidimensional Assessment Before and After Detoxification and Its Association with Relapse.
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  Data: Background: Gamma-Hydroxybutyric (GHB) acid is a highly addictive recreational drug. People who develop GHB use disorder (GUD) show poor treatment outcomes with relapse rates of over 50% within three months after detoxification. Craving is an important predictor of relapse but has received limited attention in patients with GUD. This study aimed to (1) describe craving levels before and after detoxification and (2) assess the predictive value of craving for relapse in patients with GUD. Methods: Data from a multicenter prospective study of patients with GUD (n = 128) at six Dutch addiction facilities were analyzed. The Desire Thinking Questionnaire (DTQ) and Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) were used to assess craving. Differences over time were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. A binary logistic regression was performed to assess the predictive value of craving for relapse three months after detoxification. Results: 32 patients (45%) relapsed within three months after detoxification. Craving decreased after detoxification (p &lt; 0.001). The DTQ scores showed a significant decrease ranging between 39.9% and 48.1%. The DDQ scores decreased with 19.5% to 52.7%, with the largest decrease on the subscale &quot;Desire and Intention.&quot; Only the DDQ total score after detoxification negatively predicted relapse (p = 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that patients with GUD experience high levels of craving, which decrease after detoxification. Furthermore, as for other addictions, craving levels seems relevant for the risk of relapse, though explained variance was limited. Future studies should further explore craving and other potential contributors to the high relapse rates observed in GUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Substance Use &amp; Misuse is the property of Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/10826084.2025.2586741
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 7
        StartPage: 964
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Substance abuse
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Predictive tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Detoxification (Alternative medicine)
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      – SubjectFull: Secondary analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Logistic regression analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
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      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
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      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
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      – SubjectFull: Comorbidity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Netherlands
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Craving in Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Use Disorder: multidimensional Assessment Before and After Detoxification and Its Association with Relapse.
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              M: 06
              Text: 2026
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