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Validation of the 21-item Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) among Finnish late adolescents.

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Title: Validation of the 21-item Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) among Finnish late adolescents.
Authors: Ruiz, Montse C. (AUTHOR), Hassandra, Mary (AUTHOR), Aypar, Ezgi (AUTHOR), Knittle, Keegan (AUTHOR), Tolvanen, Asko (AUTHOR), Robazza, Claudio (AUTHOR)
Source: Psychology & Health. May2026, Vol. 41 Issue 5, p759-782. 24p.
Subjects: Cronbach's alpha, Questionnaires, Research methodology evaluation, Psychology of high school students, Research evaluation, Structural equation modeling, Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, Leisure, Motivation (Psychology), Research methodology, Analysis of variance, Statistical reliability, Factor analysis, Data analysis software, Physical activity, Evaluation
Geographic Terms: Finland
Abstract: Objective: This multi-study investigation examined the validity of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) among 16- to 18-year-old Finnish participants. Specifically, we examined factorial structure, reliability, measurement invariance, convergent and predictive validity in respect to reported physical activity. Methods and Measures: In Study 1, 285 participants completed the 40-item PALMS, and in Study 2, 638 adolescents completed a shorter measure derived from Study 1, along with the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ). Results: Factor analysis in Study 1 indicated that a short seven-factor measure, called PALMS-21, adequately captures adolescent participation motives. Study 2 demonstrated acceptable model fit (factor loadings >.30, RMSEA =.046, SRMR =.040), and reliability values above.740. Factor correlations between PALMS-21 and BRSQ supported convergent validity, with high positive correlations between enjoyment and intrinsic motivation. Measurement invariance was established across gender, age, and sport modality. Results showed evidence of predictive validity of the PALMS-21 in explaining variance in reported physical activity. Mediation analysis demonstrated a positive indirect effect from enjoyment to reported physical activity, via intention to be physically active. Conclusion: Taken together results suggest that the PALMS-21 is a valid and reliable measure of motives to engage in physical activity and sport. As such, the PALMS-21 could be used to provide personalized advice to individuals or to monitor the dynamics in participation motives over time, which could guide the development of effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Psychology & Health is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Validation of the 21-item Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) among Finnish late adolescents.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Psychology+%26+Health%22">Psychology & Health</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 41 Issue 5, p759-782. 24p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finland%22">Finland</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Objective: This multi-study investigation examined the validity of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) among 16- to 18-year-old Finnish participants. Specifically, we examined factorial structure, reliability, measurement invariance, convergent and predictive validity in respect to reported physical activity. Methods and Measures: In Study 1, 285 participants completed the 40-item PALMS, and in Study 2, 638 adolescents completed a shorter measure derived from Study 1, along with the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ). Results: Factor analysis in Study 1 indicated that a short seven-factor measure, called PALMS-21, adequately captures adolescent participation motives. Study 2 demonstrated acceptable model fit (factor loadings >.30, RMSEA =.046, SRMR =.040), and reliability values above.740. Factor correlations between PALMS-21 and BRSQ supported convergent validity, with high positive correlations between enjoyment and intrinsic motivation. Measurement invariance was established across gender, age, and sport modality. Results showed evidence of predictive validity of the PALMS-21 in explaining variance in reported physical activity. Mediation analysis demonstrated a positive indirect effect from enjoyment to reported physical activity, via intention to be physically active. Conclusion: Taken together results suggest that the PALMS-21 is a valid and reliable measure of motives to engage in physical activity and sport. As such, the PALMS-21 could be used to provide personalized advice to individuals or to monitor the dynamics in participation motives over time, which could guide the development of effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Psychology & Health is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/08870446.2025.2476625
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 759
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      – SubjectFull: Cronbach's alpha
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychology of high school students
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      – SubjectFull: Leisure
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      – SubjectFull: Motivation (Psychology)
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      – SubjectFull: Research methodology
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      – SubjectFull: Finland
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      – TitleFull: Validation of the 21-item Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) among Finnish late adolescents.
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              Text: May2026
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              Y: 2026
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