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Mode of birth and risk of postpartum depression among mothers who gave birth within the last 12 months in Ghana: A mixed-method, cross-sectional study.

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Title: Mode of birth and risk of postpartum depression among mothers who gave birth within the last 12 months in Ghana: A mixed-method, cross-sectional study.
Authors: Tornyevah, Leticia (AUTHOR), Bosomprah, Samuel (AUTHOR), Sharma, Anjali (AUTHOR), de Jonge, Ank (AUTHOR), Henrichs, Jens (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Mental Health. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p306-318. 13p.
Subjects: Childbirth & psychology, Cesarean section, Risk assessment, Cross-sectional method, Statistical correlation, Mathematical variables, Public hospitals, Self-esteem testing, Pearson correlation (Statistics), Delivery (Obstetrics), Vagina, Academic medical centers, Research funding, Psychological distress, Interviewing, Questionnaires, Fisher exact test, Spouses, Mental illness, Postpartum depression, Disease prevalence, Anxiety, Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, Emotional trauma, Financial stress, Thematic analysis, Sound recordings, Odds ratio, Research methodology, Research, Psychology of mothers, Factor analysis, Data analysis software, Confidence intervals, Social support, Self-perception, Social isolation, Social stigma, Employment reentry
Geographic Terms: Ghana
Abstract: Background: We examined the association between mode of birth (caesarean section (CS) vs spontaneous vaginal birth (SVB)) and the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored mechanisms of this relationship. Methods: We carried out a mixed-method, cross-sectional study in Ho, Ghana, among postpartum women. We used a binomial log-link generalised linear model to examine the association between birth mode and PPD risk. We applied a potential-outcome framework to test if negative childbirth experience or low self-esteem mediated this association. Additionally, we conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) with mothers at risk of PPD. Results: Among 399 mothers, CS was associated with a 68% higher prevalence of screen-positive PPD compared with SVB [adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.68 (95% CI; 1.22, 2.32); p = 0.002]. Neither childbirth experience nor self-esteem mediated this association. In the qualitative analysis of 19 IDIs, we identified three themes increasing PPD risk: delayed physical recovery from post-surgical challenges; emotional trauma, unmet expectations, and anxiety about future pregnancies; and experiences of social isolation coupled with financial strain. Conclusion: Screen-positive PPD was common after both SVD and CS, and the association with CS persisted after adjustment for measured confounders. Universal postpartum screening and stepped psychosocial support, with enhanced recovery care for CS, may reduce burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Mental Health is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Mode of birth and risk of postpartum depression among mothers who gave birth within the last 12 months in Ghana: A mixed-method, cross-sectional study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tornyevah%2C+Leticia%22">Tornyevah, Leticia</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bosomprah%2C+Samuel%22">Bosomprah, Samuel</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sharma%2C+Anjali%22">Sharma, Anjali</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+Jonge%2C+Ank%22">de Jonge, Ank</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Henrichs%2C+Jens%22">Henrichs, Jens</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ghana%22">Ghana</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background: We examined the association between mode of birth (caesarean section (CS) vs spontaneous vaginal birth (SVB)) and the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored mechanisms of this relationship. Methods: We carried out a mixed-method, cross-sectional study in Ho, Ghana, among postpartum women. We used a binomial log-link generalised linear model to examine the association between birth mode and PPD risk. We applied a potential-outcome framework to test if negative childbirth experience or low self-esteem mediated this association. Additionally, we conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) with mothers at risk of PPD. Results: Among 399 mothers, CS was associated with a 68% higher prevalence of screen-positive PPD compared with SVB [adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.68 (95% CI; 1.22, 2.32); p = 0.002]. Neither childbirth experience nor self-esteem mediated this association. In the qualitative analysis of 19 IDIs, we identified three themes increasing PPD risk: delayed physical recovery from post-surgical challenges; emotional trauma, unmet expectations, and anxiety about future pregnancies; and experiences of social isolation coupled with financial strain. Conclusion: Screen-positive PPD was common after both SVD and CS, and the association with CS persisted after adjustment for measured confounders. Universal postpartum screening and stepped psychosocial support, with enhanced recovery care for CS, may reduce burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Mental Health is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/09638237.2025.2595600
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 306
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Childbirth & psychology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cesarean section
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistical correlation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical variables
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Public hospitals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Self-esteem testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pearson correlation (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Delivery (Obstetrics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vagina
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Academic medical centers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychological distress
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interviewing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fisher exact test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spouses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mental illness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Postpartum depression
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disease prevalence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chi-squared test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Emotional trauma
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Financial stress
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thematic analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sound recordings
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Odds ratio
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychology of mothers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Factor analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social support
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Self-perception
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social isolation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social stigma
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Employment reentry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ghana
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Mode of birth and risk of postpartum depression among mothers who gave birth within the last 12 months in Ghana: A mixed-method, cross-sectional study.
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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