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Components of Empathy in Children: Factor Structure of the Empathy Quotient for Children (EQ-C).

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Title: Components of Empathy in Children: Factor Structure of the Empathy Quotient for Children (EQ-C).
Authors: Smees, Rebecca (AUTHOR), Rinaldi, Louisa J. (AUTHOR), Simner, Julia (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders. Jun2026, Vol. 56 Issue 6, p2148-2161. 14p.
Subjects: Empathy, Sensory defensiveness, Parents, Cross-sectional method, T-test (Statistics), Data analysis, Questionnaires, Multiple regression analysis, Emotions, Psychological well-being, Descriptive statistics, Longitudinal method, Statistics, Research, Factor analysis, Data analysis software, Child behavior, Cognition, Children
Abstract: Empathy is multifaceted, involving sharing and understanding the emotional and mental states of others. This study investigated the factor structure of the English-language version of the Empathy Quotient for Children (EQ-C; Auyeung et al., 2009), an empathy measure previously well-validated only as a global scale. We aimed to compare children with and without educational differences (i.e., Special Educational Needs & Disabilities, SEND), and explored associations between empathy and sensory sensitivities across the whole sample. Based on responses from 680 parents, we analysed data from English-speaking children aged 6–12 years, via a series of factor analyses using polychoric correlation matrices and bass-ackward analysis. Empathy domain profiling for children with SEND status (versus children without SEND status) was investigated as group differences (t tests). Sensory sensitivities were examined via associations (correlation) and net effects (regression). We identified an optimal four-factor solution (emotional empathy, social-cognitive empathy, negative interactions, antisocial behaviours), and robust higher order one-, two- and three-factor models. Children with SEND status displayed empathy differences across all four empathy domains (all p <.001). Children with greater sensory sensitivities displayed significant differences for social-cognitive empathy and negative interactions only (both p <.001). We demonstrated the potential utility of the English-language EQ-C as a domain-level measure of empathy. Our paper discusses how the domains align with traditional emotional and cognitive dimensions in adults and cross-culturally. Our empathy profiles can be used alongside global empathy measures for different groups of children, with and without educational differences and sensory sensitivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Components of Empathy in Children: Factor Structure of the Empathy Quotient for Children (EQ-C).
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  Data: Empathy is multifaceted, involving sharing and understanding the emotional and mental states of others. This study investigated the factor structure of the English-language version of the Empathy Quotient for Children (EQ-C; Auyeung et al., 2009), an empathy measure previously well-validated only as a global scale. We aimed to compare children with and without educational differences (i.e., Special Educational Needs &amp; Disabilities, SEND), and explored associations between empathy and sensory sensitivities across the whole sample. Based on responses from 680 parents, we analysed data from English-speaking children aged 6–12 years, via a series of factor analyses using polychoric correlation matrices and bass-ackward analysis. Empathy domain profiling for children with SEND status (versus children without SEND status) was investigated as group differences (t tests). Sensory sensitivities were examined via associations (correlation) and net effects (regression). We identified an optimal four-factor solution (emotional empathy, social-cognitive empathy, negative interactions, antisocial behaviours), and robust higher order one-, two- and three-factor models. Children with SEND status displayed empathy differences across all four empathy domains (all p &lt;.001). Children with greater sensory sensitivities displayed significant differences for social-cognitive empathy and negative interactions only (both p &lt;.001). We demonstrated the potential utility of the English-language EQ-C as a domain-level measure of empathy. Our paper discusses how the domains align with traditional emotional and cognitive dimensions in adults and cross-culturally. Our empathy profiles can be used alongside global empathy measures for different groups of children, with and without educational differences and sensory sensitivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Autism &amp; Developmental Disorders is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10803-024-06649-z
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 2148
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Empathy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensory defensiveness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: T-test (Statistics)
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      – SubjectFull: Data analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multiple regression analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Emotions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychological well-being
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Longitudinal method
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      – SubjectFull: Statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Research
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      – SubjectFull: Factor analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child behavior
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Components of Empathy in Children: Factor Structure of the Empathy Quotient for Children (EQ-C).
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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