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Emotion Networks in Individuals with High and Low Social Anxiety Symptoms.

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Title: Emotion Networks in Individuals with High and Low Social Anxiety Symptoms.
Authors: Oliveira, Cláudia (AUTHOR), Liebowitz, Michael (AUTHOR), Calaboiça, Cláudia (AUTHOR), Castro, Daniel (AUTHOR), Borges, Janete (AUTHOR), Santos, Anita (AUTHOR), Meira, Liliana (AUTHOR)
Source: Cognitive Therapy & Research. Jun2026, Vol. 50 Issue 3, p573-585. 13p.
Subjects: Social anxiety, Emotional experience, Psychological tests, Data analysis, Emotions
Abstract: Background: Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent mental health disorder. Theoretical models of SAD emphasize the role of cognitive and behavioral factors in the development and maintenance of the disorder, although emotional experiences are equally relevant. Most studies focus on the relationship between SAD and affect broadly (positive and negative affect), or address specific emotions separately, rather than examining multiple positive and negative emotions in one integrated model. Network analysis can provide important insights into the emotional system underlying SAD and how it is organized differently between individuals with high and low social anxiety. Therefore, we aimed to identify the central emotions and compare several macro-network properties (e.g., connectivity) between high and low socially anxious individuals. Methods: Two networks were estimated using a Mixed Graphical Model (MGM). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was used to assess emotional states, and social anxiety symptoms were measured with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale– self-report version (LSAS-SR), previously adapted and validated. Participants recruited from the community were divided into two groups based on the LSAS-SR cut-off score: with high (N = 306, Mage = 28.50; SDage = 10.59) and low social anxiety symptoms (N = 306, Mage = 34.30; SDage = 13). Results: Network connectivity distinguished the two groups. Participants with higher social anxiety symptoms showed a more interconnected emotion network. Feeling scared, disturbed, and guilty were central emotions and were identified as valuable treatment targets. Conclusions: The results contribute to the understanding of emotional experience in the context of SAD from a network perspective, and to the growing literature on network theory, by clarifying which network properties are promising markers of an emotional system resistant to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Cognitive Therapy & Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Emotion Networks in Individuals with High and Low Social Anxiety Symptoms.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Oliveira%2C+Cláudia%22">Oliveira, Cláudia</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liebowitz%2C+Michael%22">Liebowitz, Michael</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Calaboiça%2C+Cláudia%22">Calaboiça, Cláudia</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Castro%2C+Daniel%22">Castro, Daniel</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Borges%2C+Janete%22">Borges, Janete</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Santos%2C+Anita%22">Santos, Anita</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meira%2C+Liliana%22">Meira, Liliana</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Cognitive+Therapy+%26+Research%22">Cognitive Therapy & Research</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 50 Issue 3, p573-585. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+anxiety%22">Social anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotional+experience%22">Emotional experience</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+tests%22">Psychological tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis%22">Data analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotions%22">Emotions</searchLink>
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  Data: Background: Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent mental health disorder. Theoretical models of SAD emphasize the role of cognitive and behavioral factors in the development and maintenance of the disorder, although emotional experiences are equally relevant. Most studies focus on the relationship between SAD and affect broadly (positive and negative affect), or address specific emotions separately, rather than examining multiple positive and negative emotions in one integrated model. Network analysis can provide important insights into the emotional system underlying SAD and how it is organized differently between individuals with high and low social anxiety. Therefore, we aimed to identify the central emotions and compare several macro-network properties (e.g., connectivity) between high and low socially anxious individuals. Methods: Two networks were estimated using a Mixed Graphical Model (MGM). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was used to assess emotional states, and social anxiety symptoms were measured with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale– self-report version (LSAS-SR), previously adapted and validated. Participants recruited from the community were divided into two groups based on the LSAS-SR cut-off score: with high (N = 306, Mage = 28.50; SDage = 10.59) and low social anxiety symptoms (N = 306, Mage = 34.30; SDage = 13). Results: Network connectivity distinguished the two groups. Participants with higher social anxiety symptoms showed a more interconnected emotion network. Feeling scared, disturbed, and guilty were central emotions and were identified as valuable treatment targets. Conclusions: The results contribute to the understanding of emotional experience in the context of SAD from a network perspective, and to the growing literature on network theory, by clarifying which network properties are promising markers of an emotional system resistant to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Cognitive Therapy & Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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