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The central importance of expressive suppression to posttraumatic stress symptoms: A network analysis.

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Title: The central importance of expressive suppression to posttraumatic stress symptoms: A network analysis.
Authors: Cole, Anna C. (AUTHOR), Rubin, Mikael (AUTHOR), Lancaster, Cynthia L. (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. Jun2026, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p492-504. 13p.
Subjects: Emotion regulation, Post-traumatic stress, Psychological techniques, Emotional trauma, Graphical modeling (Statistics)
Abstract: Emotion regulation plays a role in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Most research in this area has focused on how people regulate their emotions, a process called self–emotion regulation (self‐ER). Self‐ER strategies are well‐established predictors of PTSS. However, people also regulate their emotions with the help of others, a process called social emotion regulation (social ER). Relative to self‐ER, social ER is understudied, and its associations with PTSS and self‐ER are unclear. Therefore, we used network analysis to examine the associations among self‐ER, social ER, and PTSS. Adults with a history of direct trauma exposure (N = 1,061) reported their use of four social ER strategies (soothing, social modeling, perspective taking, and enhancing positive affect), two self‐ER strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), and PTSS. We identified ER nodes that had the largest bridge expected influence (EI) centrality with PTSS. Expressive suppression, a self‐ER strategy, had the strongest bridge EI centrality in the network, followed by soothing and social modeling, both of which are social ER strategies. Although longitudinal research is needed to establish the direction of effects, these findings underscore the importance of evaluating the roles of both self and social ER in the development and maintenance of PTSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Traumatic Stress is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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DbLabel: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: The central importance of expressive suppression to posttraumatic stress symptoms: A network analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cole%2C+Anna+C%2E%22">Cole, Anna C.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rubin%2C+Mikael%22">Rubin, Mikael</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lancaster%2C+Cynthia+L%2E%22">Lancaster, Cynthia L.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Traumatic+Stress%22">Journal of Traumatic Stress</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p492-504. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotion+regulation%22">Emotion regulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Post-traumatic+stress%22">Post-traumatic stress</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+techniques%22">Psychological techniques</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotional+trauma%22">Emotional trauma</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphical+modeling+%28Statistics%29%22">Graphical modeling (Statistics)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Emotion regulation plays a role in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Most research in this area has focused on how people regulate their emotions, a process called self–emotion regulation (self‐ER). Self‐ER strategies are well‐established predictors of PTSS. However, people also regulate their emotions with the help of others, a process called social emotion regulation (social ER). Relative to self‐ER, social ER is understudied, and its associations with PTSS and self‐ER are unclear. Therefore, we used network analysis to examine the associations among self‐ER, social ER, and PTSS. Adults with a history of direct trauma exposure (N = 1,061) reported their use of four social ER strategies (soothing, social modeling, perspective taking, and enhancing positive affect), two self‐ER strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), and PTSS. We identified ER nodes that had the largest bridge expected influence (EI) centrality with PTSS. Expressive suppression, a self‐ER strategy, had the strongest bridge EI centrality in the network, followed by soothing and social modeling, both of which are social ER strategies. Although longitudinal research is needed to establish the direction of effects, these findings underscore the importance of evaluating the roles of both self and social ER in the development and maintenance of PTSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Traumatic Stress is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/jts.70063
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 492
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      – SubjectFull: Emotion regulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Post-traumatic stress
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychological techniques
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Emotional trauma
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphical modeling (Statistics)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: The central importance of expressive suppression to posttraumatic stress symptoms: A network analysis.
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            NameFull: Cole, Anna C.
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            NameFull: Rubin, Mikael
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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