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Killing in Combat as a Potentially Morally Injurious Event: The Diverging Psychological Impact of Killing on Peacekeepers and Combat-Oriented Troops.

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Title: Killing in Combat as a Potentially Morally Injurious Event: The Diverging Psychological Impact of Killing on Peacekeepers and Combat-Oriented Troops.
Authors: Nordstrand, Andreas Espetvedt (AUTHOR), Noll, Laura K. (AUTHOR), Huffman, Ann Hergatt (AUTHOR), Gjerstad, Christer Lunde (AUTHOR), Tveitstul, Tore (AUTHOR), Reichelt, Jon Gerhard (AUTHOR), Bakker, Lars-Petter (AUTHOR), Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen (AUTHOR), Kristoffersen, Ronny Helmersen (AUTHOR), Bøe, Hans Jakob (AUTHOR), Wickham, Robert E. (AUTHOR)
Source: Armed Forces & Society (Sage Publications Inc.). Jul2026, Vol. 52 Issue 3, p904-934. 31p.
Subjects: Military personnel, Peacekeeping forces, Psychological factors, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Battlefields, Anxiety, Mental depression, Quality of life
Geographic Terms: Lebanon
Abstract: The impact of killing in combat (KIC) on veterans' long-term psychological health is multifaceted and influenced by deployment contexts. This study compared two samples of Norwegian veterans from combat-oriented (Afghanistan 2001–2011, N = 4,053) and peacekeeping (Lebanon 1978–1998, N = 10,605) missions to examine how personal threats, witnessing death/injury, and KIC uniquely predicted long-term mental health, alcohol use, and quality of life (QoL). In the combat-oriented sample, personal threats and witnessing death/injury predicted negative outcomes, while KIC did not. Among peacekeepers, personal threats, witnessing death/injury, and KIC independently predicted posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, alcohol use, insomnia, and lower QoL. These findings reveal diverging effects of KIC on veterans from combat-oriented and peacekeeping missions, respectively, suggesting that the impact of potentially morally injurious events like KIC is shaped by mission-specific contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Armed Forces & Society (Sage Publications Inc.) is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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DbLabel: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Killing in Combat as a Potentially Morally Injurious Event: The Diverging Psychological Impact of Killing on Peacekeepers and Combat-Oriented Troops.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nordstrand%2C+Andreas+Espetvedt%22">Nordstrand, Andreas Espetvedt</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Noll%2C+Laura+K%2E%22">Noll, Laura K.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huffman%2C+Ann+Hergatt%22">Huffman, Ann Hergatt</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gjerstad%2C+Christer+Lunde%22">Gjerstad, Christer Lunde</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tveitstul%2C+Tore%22">Tveitstul, Tore</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Reichelt%2C+Jon+Gerhard%22">Reichelt, Jon Gerhard</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bakker%2C+Lars-Petter%22">Bakker, Lars-Petter</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kennair%2C+Leif+Edward+Ottesen%22">Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kristoffersen%2C+Ronny+Helmersen%22">Kristoffersen, Ronny Helmersen</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bøe%2C+Hans+Jakob%22">Bøe, Hans Jakob</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wickham%2C+Robert+E%2E%22">Wickham, Robert E.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Armed+Forces+%26+Society+%28Sage+Publications+Inc%2E%29%22">Armed Forces & Society (Sage Publications Inc.)</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 52 Issue 3, p904-934. 31p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Military+personnel%22">Military personnel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Peacekeeping+forces%22">Peacekeeping forces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+factors%22">Psychological factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Post-traumatic+stress+disorder%22">Post-traumatic stress disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Battlefields%22">Battlefields</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+depression%22">Mental depression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quality+of+life%22">Quality of life</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lebanon%22">Lebanon</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The impact of killing in combat (KIC) on veterans' long-term psychological health is multifaceted and influenced by deployment contexts. This study compared two samples of Norwegian veterans from combat-oriented (Afghanistan 2001–2011, N = 4,053) and peacekeeping (Lebanon 1978–1998, N = 10,605) missions to examine how personal threats, witnessing death/injury, and KIC uniquely predicted long-term mental health, alcohol use, and quality of life (QoL). In the combat-oriented sample, personal threats and witnessing death/injury predicted negative outcomes, while KIC did not. Among peacekeepers, personal threats, witnessing death/injury, and KIC independently predicted posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, alcohol use, insomnia, and lower QoL. These findings reveal diverging effects of KIC on veterans from combat-oriented and peacekeeping missions, respectively, suggesting that the impact of potentially morally injurious events like KIC is shaped by mission-specific contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Armed Forces & Society (Sage Publications Inc.) is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 31
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Peacekeeping forces
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      – SubjectFull: Psychological factors
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      – SubjectFull: Lebanon
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