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EQ-5D-5L population norms for Singapore: a household survey-based analysis.

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Title: EQ-5D-5L population norms for Singapore: a household survey-based analysis.
Authors: Xiamusiya, Akemu (AUTHOR), Lee, Jia Jia (AUTHOR), Shou, Yiyun (AUTHOR), Hao, Shuang (AUTHOR), Subramaniam, Mythily (AUTHOR), Cheng, Ling Jie (AUTHOR), Luo, Nan (AUTHOR)
Source: Quality of Life Research. Jul2026, Vol. 35 Issue 7, p1-14. 14p.
Subjects: Quality of life, Cost effectiveness, COVID-19 pandemic, Medical statistics, Sociodemographic factors
Geographic Terms: Singapore
Abstract: Background: Population norms for the EQ-5D-5L are essential for health economic evaluations. However, existing norms for Singapore were established before the COVID-19 pandemic, whose prolonged health and societal impacts may have rendered them outdated. Updated post-pandemic benchmarks are therefore needed to inform cost-utility analyses and public health policy accurately. This study aimed to establish updated EQ-5D-5L population norms among Singapore residents aged ≥ 15 years and to examine variation in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional household survey between May and July 2024 among Singapore citizens and permanent residents, using a three-stage sampling strategy with demographic quotas. We assessed HRQoL using the EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS. We derived index scores using the Singapore-specific value set. We generated descriptive statistics and used multivariable linear regression to identify independent associations between HRQoL and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The analysis included 2,005 respondents. While 54.6% reported no problems ('11111'), pain/discomfort (30.7%) and anxiety/depression (27.1%) were the most prevalent issues. The mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.933 (SD 0.122), and the mean EQ VAS score was 82.3 (SD 13.3). Multivariable regression showed that older age was most strongly associated with lower HRQoL (p < 0.001). Higher socioeconomic status, measured by income and housing type, was independently associated with better HRQoL. Gender was not significantly associated with either outcome. Conclusion: This study provides updated, post-pandemic EQ-5D-5L population norms for Singapore. These norms offer an essential benchmark for interpreting EQ-5D-5L scores in cost-utility analyses and highlight priorities for addressing socioeconomic health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Quality of Life Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Xiamusiya%2C+Akemu%22&quot;&gt;Xiamusiya, Akemu&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Lee%2C+Jia+Jia%22&quot;&gt;Lee, Jia Jia&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Shou%2C+Yiyun%22&quot;&gt;Shou, Yiyun&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Hao%2C+Shuang%22&quot;&gt;Hao, Shuang&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Subramaniam%2C+Mythily%22&quot;&gt;Subramaniam, Mythily&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Cheng%2C+Ling+Jie%22&quot;&gt;Cheng, Ling Jie&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Luo%2C+Nan%22&quot;&gt;Luo, Nan&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: Background: Population norms for the EQ-5D-5L are essential for health economic evaluations. However, existing norms for Singapore were established before the COVID-19 pandemic, whose prolonged health and societal impacts may have rendered them outdated. Updated post-pandemic benchmarks are therefore needed to inform cost-utility analyses and public health policy accurately. This study aimed to establish updated EQ-5D-5L population norms among Singapore residents aged ≥ 15 years and to examine variation in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional household survey between May and July 2024 among Singapore citizens and permanent residents, using a three-stage sampling strategy with demographic quotas. We assessed HRQoL using the EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS. We derived index scores using the Singapore-specific value set. We generated descriptive statistics and used multivariable linear regression to identify independent associations between HRQoL and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The analysis included 2,005 respondents. While 54.6% reported no problems (&#39;11111&#39;), pain/discomfort (30.7%) and anxiety/depression (27.1%) were the most prevalent issues. The mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.933 (SD 0.122), and the mean EQ VAS score was 82.3 (SD 13.3). Multivariable regression showed that older age was most strongly associated with lower HRQoL (p &lt; 0.001). Higher socioeconomic status, measured by income and housing type, was independently associated with better HRQoL. Gender was not significantly associated with either outcome. Conclusion: This study provides updated, post-pandemic EQ-5D-5L population norms for Singapore. These norms offer an essential benchmark for interpreting EQ-5D-5L scores in cost-utility analyses and highlight priorities for addressing socioeconomic health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Quality of Life Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11136-026-04272-2
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              Text: Jul2026
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