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Use of Z‐Scores and Percentages to Assess Structural Brain MRI Findings in Patients With Schizophrenia.

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Title: Use of Z‐Scores and Percentages to Assess Structural Brain MRI Findings in Patients With Schizophrenia.
Authors: Mitkani, Calypso A. (AUTHOR), Prassopoulos, Panagiotis (AUTHOR), Aletras, Anthony H. (AUTHOR), Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p1-5. 5p.
Subjects: Schizophrenia, Brain abnormalities, Magnetic resonance imaging, Gray matter (Nerve tissue), Volume (Cubic content), White matter (Nerve tissue), Standard deviations, Percentiles
Abstract: Objectives: Schizophrenia is associated with structural brain abnormalities, although findings have been inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate global and regional volumetric measures in patients with schizophrenia using an automated volumetric analysis tool. Methods: Eighty‐one patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (aged 18–65 years) underwent brain MRI on a 3T Siemens scanner using a high‐resolution 3D T1‐weighted MPRAGE sequence. Volumetric analysis was performed with vol2Brain, providing intracranial volume‐adjusted percentages and normative z‐scores. Group mean values were compared with normative data. One sample t‐test was used as well as exploratory t‐tests to examine sex differences, while Pearson correlations assessed associations with age. Results: Patients showed decreased brain tissue volumes relative to normative values. Mean white matter (z = −1.12) and gray matter (z = −0.55) were reduced, while cerebrospinal fluid was increased (z = +1.75). Cortical gray matter was moderately decreased (z = −0.77), whereas cerebellar gray matter was relatively preserved (z = +0.19) but displayed high variability. No significant sex differences were observed. Age correlated significantly with volumetric percentages but not with z‐scores, suggesting parallel age‐related changes in patients and controls. Conclusions: Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated widespread reductions in brain tissue volumes and enlarged CSF spaces, consistent with previous literature. Preservation and variability of cerebellar gray matter highlight the heterogeneity of structural alterations. Automated volumetry offers a reproducible approach for characterizing brain morphology in schizophrenia and may support future efforts to define patient subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Use of Z‐Scores and Percentages to Assess Structural Brain MRI Findings in Patients With Schizophrenia.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mitkani%2C+Calypso+A%2E%22">Mitkani, Calypso A.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Prassopoulos%2C+Panagiotis%22">Prassopoulos, Panagiotis</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aletras%2C+Anthony+H%2E%22">Aletras, Anthony H.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fountoulakis%2C+Konstantinos+N%2E%22">Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Methods+in+Psychiatric+Research%22">International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p1-5. 5p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Schizophrenia%22">Schizophrenia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+abnormalities%22">Brain abnormalities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetic+resonance+imaging%22">Magnetic resonance imaging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gray+matter+%28Nerve+tissue%29%22">Gray matter (Nerve tissue)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Volume+%28Cubic+content%29%22">Volume (Cubic content)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22White+matter+%28Nerve+tissue%29%22">White matter (Nerve tissue)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Standard+deviations%22">Standard deviations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Percentiles%22">Percentiles</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Objectives: Schizophrenia is associated with structural brain abnormalities, although findings have been inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate global and regional volumetric measures in patients with schizophrenia using an automated volumetric analysis tool. Methods: Eighty‐one patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (aged 18–65 years) underwent brain MRI on a 3T Siemens scanner using a high‐resolution 3D T1‐weighted MPRAGE sequence. Volumetric analysis was performed with vol2Brain, providing intracranial volume‐adjusted percentages and normative z‐scores. Group mean values were compared with normative data. One sample t‐test was used as well as exploratory t‐tests to examine sex differences, while Pearson correlations assessed associations with age. Results: Patients showed decreased brain tissue volumes relative to normative values. Mean white matter (z = −1.12) and gray matter (z = −0.55) were reduced, while cerebrospinal fluid was increased (z = +1.75). Cortical gray matter was moderately decreased (z = −0.77), whereas cerebellar gray matter was relatively preserved (z = +0.19) but displayed high variability. No significant sex differences were observed. Age correlated significantly with volumetric percentages but not with z‐scores, suggesting parallel age‐related changes in patients and controls. Conclusions: Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated widespread reductions in brain tissue volumes and enlarged CSF spaces, consistent with previous literature. Preservation and variability of cerebellar gray matter highlight the heterogeneity of structural alterations. Automated volumetry offers a reproducible approach for characterizing brain morphology in schizophrenia and may support future efforts to define patient subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/mpr.70071
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Schizophrenia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Brain abnormalities
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      – SubjectFull: Magnetic resonance imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gray matter (Nerve tissue)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Volume (Cubic content)
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      – SubjectFull: White matter (Nerve tissue)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Standard deviations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Percentiles
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Use of Z‐Scores and Percentages to Assess Structural Brain MRI Findings in Patients With Schizophrenia.
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            NameFull: Mitkani, Calypso A.
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            NameFull: Prassopoulos, Panagiotis
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            NameFull: Aletras, Anthony H.
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            NameFull: Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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