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Operationalizing Contingency Management to Improve Adherence and Retention in Methadone Treatment: A Scoping Review.

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Title: Operationalizing Contingency Management to Improve Adherence and Retention in Methadone Treatment: A Scoping Review.
Authors: Nguyen, Thi Hue (AUTHOR), Nguyen, Thu Trang (AUTHOR), Dao, Thi Dieu Thuy (AUTHOR), Phung, Thi Thuyet (AUTHOR), Le, Minh Giang (AUTHOR), Hoang, Thi Hai Van (AUTHOR), Le, Thi Huong (AUTHOR), Go, Vivian F. (AUTHOR), Miller, William C. (AUTHOR)
Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2026, Vol. 61 Issue 9, p1427-1437. 11p.
Subjects: Methadone treatment programs, Patient compliance, Medical information storage & retrieval systems, Research funding, Substance abuse treatment, Contingency management, Systematic reviews, MEDLINE, Patient-professional relations, Opioid analgesics, Online information services, Treatment programs, Medical care costs
Abstract: Background: Contingency management, an evidence-based intervention, can be used to reinforce adherence and retention in methadone treatment. A literature synthesis on the delivery of contingency management for this purpose will facilitate the adoption of this intervention. Our scoping review addressed three questions: (1) What behaviors does contingency management target to promote adherence and retention in methadone treatment? (2) What incentives are used to reinforce these behaviors? and (3) What are the operational aspects of contingency management implementation in methadone treatment? Methods: We searched original research articles in English in MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase. We summarized findings and identified research gaps through narrative analysis of the selected studies. Results: We identified 14 articles reporting 16 studies. Most studies were conducted in the United States and in large cities. Daily methadone consumption, attendance to scheduled appointments, and completion of individually tailored tasks were the target behaviors to promote adherence and retention. Contingency management was implemented in voucher-based and prize-based formats with high flexibility in adjusting the definition of a behavior achievement, value, and types of incentives to fit within clinical and budget constraints. Two highlighted aspects of contingency management delivery were how to identify the most appropriate and motivational incentives to a particular population and how to communicate with participants before and during the intervention. Conclusion: Contingency management is highly adaptable to different settings to improve treatment adherence and retention in methadone programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Substance Use & Misuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Operationalizing Contingency Management to Improve Adherence and Retention in Methadone Treatment: A Scoping Review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nguyen%2C+Thi+Hue%22">Nguyen, Thi Hue</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nguyen%2C+Thu+Trang%22">Nguyen, Thu Trang</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dao%2C+Thi+Dieu+Thuy%22">Dao, Thi Dieu Thuy</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Phung%2C+Thi+Thuyet%22">Phung, Thi Thuyet</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Le%2C+Minh+Giang%22">Le, Minh Giang</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hoang%2C+Thi+Hai+Van%22">Hoang, Thi Hai Van</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Le%2C+Thi+Huong%22">Le, Thi Huong</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Go%2C+Vivian+F%2E%22">Go, Vivian F.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Miller%2C+William+C%2E%22">Miller, William C.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Substance+Use+%26+Misuse%22">Substance Use & Misuse</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 61 Issue 9, p1427-1437. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Methadone+treatment+programs%22">Methadone treatment programs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Patient+compliance%22">Patient compliance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+information+storage+%26+retrieval+systems%22">Medical information storage & retrieval systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Substance+abuse+treatment%22">Substance abuse treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Contingency+management%22">Contingency management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Systematic+reviews%22">Systematic reviews</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MEDLINE%22">MEDLINE</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Patient-professional+relations%22">Patient-professional relations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Opioid+analgesics%22">Opioid analgesics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Online+information+services%22">Online information services</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Treatment+programs%22">Treatment programs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+care+costs%22">Medical care costs</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Contingency management, an evidence-based intervention, can be used to reinforce adherence and retention in methadone treatment. A literature synthesis on the delivery of contingency management for this purpose will facilitate the adoption of this intervention. Our scoping review addressed three questions: (1) What behaviors does contingency management target to promote adherence and retention in methadone treatment? (2) What incentives are used to reinforce these behaviors? and (3) What are the operational aspects of contingency management implementation in methadone treatment? Methods: We searched original research articles in English in MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase. We summarized findings and identified research gaps through narrative analysis of the selected studies. Results: We identified 14 articles reporting 16 studies. Most studies were conducted in the United States and in large cities. Daily methadone consumption, attendance to scheduled appointments, and completion of individually tailored tasks were the target behaviors to promote adherence and retention. Contingency management was implemented in voucher-based and prize-based formats with high flexibility in adjusting the definition of a behavior achievement, value, and types of incentives to fit within clinical and budget constraints. Two highlighted aspects of contingency management delivery were how to identify the most appropriate and motivational incentives to a particular population and how to communicate with participants before and during the intervention. Conclusion: Contingency management is highly adaptable to different settings to improve treatment adherence and retention in methadone programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Substance Use & Misuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/10826084.2025.2608777
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 1427
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Methadone treatment programs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient compliance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical information storage & retrieval systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Substance abuse treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Contingency management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Systematic reviews
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: MEDLINE
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient-professional relations
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      – SubjectFull: Opioid analgesics
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      – SubjectFull: Online information services
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      – SubjectFull: Treatment programs
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      – SubjectFull: Medical care costs
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      – TitleFull: Operationalizing Contingency Management to Improve Adherence and Retention in Methadone Treatment: A Scoping Review.
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              M: 08
              Text: 2026
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