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Interictal avoidance of sensory stimuli among individuals with migraine.

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Title: Interictal avoidance of sensory stimuli among individuals with migraine.
Authors: Rogers, Daniel G. (AUTHOR), Protti, Tracy (AUTHOR), Smitherman, Todd A. (AUTHOR)
Source: Headache: The Journal of Head & Face Pain. Jul2026, Vol. 66 Issue 7, p1575-1586. 12p.
Subjects: Migraine diagnosis, Fear, Cross-sectional method, Sensory stimulation, Vision disorders, Hyperacusis, T-test (Statistics), Statistical hypothesis testing, Headache, Questionnaires, Fisher exact test, Descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U Test, Pain, Analysis of variance, Auditory perception, Visual perception, Confidence intervals, Comparative studies, Data analysis software, Avoidance (Psychology), Nonparametric statistics
Abstract: Objective: To examine differences in interictal avoidance of light and sound stimuli and to explore the moderating effect of psychological variables on behavioral avoidance. Background: The behavioral effects of migraine between attacks have become of recent interest, and a growing body of literature attests to the role of psychological factors such as fear of pain in influencing interictal behavior. Though light and sound sensitivity are common features of migraine attacks, it is unknown whether avoidance of these stimuli manifests outside of acute attacks. Such findings would inform our understanding of interictal disability and the potential role of psychological factors in migraine‐related avoidance. Methods: This was a within–between subjects, comparative cross‐sectional study among 32 participants with migraine (28 photophobia and phonophobia, three photophobia only, one phonophobia only), each with photophobia and/or phonophobia, and 23 controls denying headache. While headache‐free, participants were administered a series of self‐report measures and completed behavioral avoidance tasks (BATs) quantifying approach and tolerance of three light stimuli and three sound stimuli representing increasing stimulus intensities. Data were collected from a Southern US university from November 2019 to December 2022. Analyses focused on differences between and within groups across the BATs and whether psychological variables moderated observed effects for those with migraine. Results: Individuals with migraine engaged in greater avoidance of the highest intensity light stimuli on both the approach task (mean = 101.5 in. vs. 117.8, p = 0.003, 95% confidence interval [CI] of difference: 5.8 to 26.8) and tolerance task (mean = 59.4 s vs. 92.5, p = 0.006, 95% CI of difference: 9.8 to 56.3). Task‐by‐group interactions were observed such that those with migraine engaged in greater behavioral avoidance than controls moving from low to high intensity on approach tasks (estimate = −16.9 in., p = 0.012, 95% CI: −30.0 to −3.7) and tolerance tasks (estimate = −31.0 s, p = 0.004, 95% CI: −51.9 to −10.0). No between‐group differences or interactions were observed for the sound BATs. Among psychological variables, fear of pain and headache acceptance showed some associations with behavioral avoidance across various conditions and task intensities. Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence of interictal avoidance of light stimuli among those with migraine and suggests psychological variables play a role in avoidance that manifests outside of migraine attacks. These findings among young, non‐treatment–seeking adults primarily with episodic migraine suggest that interictal behavioral avoidance manifests early in migraine progression. Further research exploring mechanisms and predictors of interictal avoidance, potential intervention targets, and manifestations in older adults and clinical samples is warranted. Plain Language Summary: Patients with migraine often experience light and sound sensitivity between migraine attacks that can contribute to headache‐related disability. Our study compared avoidance of certain behavioral tasks between patients with migraine who have associated light or sound sensitivity and were between attacks and other participants without a headache condition, and found that patients with migraine displayed greater behavioral avoidance than those without, particularly related to light sensitivity. These findings provide support for results from other studies suggesting that experiential and approach‐based interventions may help to reduce the overall burden of migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Headache: The Journal of Head & Face Pain is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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DbLabel: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Interictal avoidance of sensory stimuli among individuals with migraine.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rogers%2C+Daniel+G%2E%22">Rogers, Daniel G.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Protti%2C+Tracy%22">Protti, Tracy</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smitherman%2C+Todd+A%2E%22">Smitherman, Todd A.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Headache%3A+The+Journal+of+Head+%26+Face+Pain%22">Headache: The Journal of Head & Face Pain</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 66 Issue 7, p1575-1586. 12p.
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  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Migraine+diagnosis%22">Migraine diagnosis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fear%22">Fear</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cross-sectional+method%22">Cross-sectional method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensory+stimulation%22">Sensory stimulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vision+disorders%22">Vision disorders</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hyperacusis%22">Hyperacusis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22T-test+%28Statistics%29%22">T-test (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+hypothesis+testing%22">Statistical hypothesis testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Headache%22">Headache</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Questionnaires%22">Questionnaires</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fisher+exact+test%22">Fisher exact test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mann+Whitney+U+Test%22">Mann Whitney U Test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pain%22">Pain</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Analysis+of+variance%22">Analysis of variance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Auditory+perception%22">Auditory perception</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visual+perception%22">Visual perception</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comparative+studies%22">Comparative studies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Avoidance+%28Psychology%29%22">Avoidance (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nonparametric+statistics%22">Nonparametric statistics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective: To examine differences in interictal avoidance of light and sound stimuli and to explore the moderating effect of psychological variables on behavioral avoidance. Background: The behavioral effects of migraine between attacks have become of recent interest, and a growing body of literature attests to the role of psychological factors such as fear of pain in influencing interictal behavior. Though light and sound sensitivity are common features of migraine attacks, it is unknown whether avoidance of these stimuli manifests outside of acute attacks. Such findings would inform our understanding of interictal disability and the potential role of psychological factors in migraine‐related avoidance. Methods: This was a within–between subjects, comparative cross‐sectional study among 32 participants with migraine (28 photophobia and phonophobia, three photophobia only, one phonophobia only), each with photophobia and/or phonophobia, and 23 controls denying headache. While headache‐free, participants were administered a series of self‐report measures and completed behavioral avoidance tasks (BATs) quantifying approach and tolerance of three light stimuli and three sound stimuli representing increasing stimulus intensities. Data were collected from a Southern US university from November 2019 to December 2022. Analyses focused on differences between and within groups across the BATs and whether psychological variables moderated observed effects for those with migraine. Results: Individuals with migraine engaged in greater avoidance of the highest intensity light stimuli on both the approach task (mean = 101.5 in. vs. 117.8, p = 0.003, 95% confidence interval [CI] of difference: 5.8 to 26.8) and tolerance task (mean = 59.4 s vs. 92.5, p = 0.006, 95% CI of difference: 9.8 to 56.3). Task‐by‐group interactions were observed such that those with migraine engaged in greater behavioral avoidance than controls moving from low to high intensity on approach tasks (estimate = −16.9 in., p = 0.012, 95% CI: −30.0 to −3.7) and tolerance tasks (estimate = −31.0 s, p = 0.004, 95% CI: −51.9 to −10.0). No between‐group differences or interactions were observed for the sound BATs. Among psychological variables, fear of pain and headache acceptance showed some associations with behavioral avoidance across various conditions and task intensities. Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence of interictal avoidance of light stimuli among those with migraine and suggests psychological variables play a role in avoidance that manifests outside of migraine attacks. These findings among young, non‐treatment–seeking adults primarily with episodic migraine suggest that interictal behavioral avoidance manifests early in migraine progression. Further research exploring mechanisms and predictors of interictal avoidance, potential intervention targets, and manifestations in older adults and clinical samples is warranted. Plain Language Summary: Patients with migraine often experience light and sound sensitivity between migraine attacks that can contribute to headache‐related disability. Our study compared avoidance of certain behavioral tasks between patients with migraine who have associated light or sound sensitivity and were between attacks and other participants without a headache condition, and found that patients with migraine displayed greater behavioral avoidance than those without, particularly related to light sensitivity. These findings provide support for results from other studies suggesting that experiential and approach‐based interventions may help to reduce the overall burden of migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Headache: The Journal of Head & Face Pain is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=pbh&AN=195037817
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/head.70142
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 1575
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Migraine diagnosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fear
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensory stimulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vision disorders
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hyperacusis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: T-test (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistical hypothesis testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Headache
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fisher exact test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mann Whitney U Test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pain
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Analysis of variance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Auditory perception
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Visual perception
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Avoidance (Psychology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nonparametric statistics
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Interictal avoidance of sensory stimuli among individuals with migraine.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Rogers, Daniel G.
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            NameFull: Protti, Tracy
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Smitherman, Todd A.
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 00178748
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              Value: 66
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              Value: 7
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            – TitleFull: Headache: The Journal of Head & Face Pain
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