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Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis.

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Title: Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis.
Authors: Kämper, Jörg, Kahmann, Regine, Bölker, Michael, Ma, Li-Jun, Brefort, Thomas, Saville, Barry J., Banuett, Flora, Kronstad, James W., Gold, Scott E., Müller, Olaf, Perlin, Michael H., Wösten, Han A. B., de Vries, Ronald, Ruiz-Herrera, José, Reynaga-Peña, Cristina G., Snetselaar, Karen, McCann, Michael, Pérez-Martín, José, Feldbrügge, Michael, Basse, Christoph W.
Source: Nature. 11/2/2006, Vol. 444 Issue 7115, p97-101. 5p. 2 Diagrams.
Subjects: Ustilago, Basidiomycetes, Plant genetics, Pathogenic fungi, Fungal diseases of plants, Microbial virulence
Abstract: Ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of maize and a well-established model organism for the study of plant–microbe interactions. This basidiomycete fungus does not use aggressive virulence strategies to kill its host. U. maydis belongs to the group of biotrophic parasites (the smuts) that depend on living tissue for proliferation and development. Here we report the genome sequence for a member of this economically important group of biotrophic fungi. The 20.5-million-base U. maydis genome assembly contains 6,902 predicted protein-encoding genes and lacks pathogenicity signatures found in the genomes of aggressive pathogenic fungi, for example a battery of cell-wall-degrading enzymes. However, we detected unexpected genomic features responsible for the pathogenicity of this organism. Specifically, we found 12 clusters of genes encoding small secreted proteins with unknown function. A significant fraction of these genes exists in small gene families. Expression analysis showed that most of the genes contained in these clusters are regulated together and induced in infected tissue. Deletion of individual clusters altered the virulence of U. maydis in five cases, ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to hypervirulence. Despite years of research into the mechanism of pathogenicity in U. maydis, no ‘true’ virulence factors had been previously identified. Thus, the discovery of the secreted protein gene clusters and the functional demonstration of their decisive role in the infection process illuminate previously unknown mechanisms of pathogenicity operating in biotrophic fungi. Genomic analysis is, similarly, likely to open up new avenues for the discovery of virulence determinants in other pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nature is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kämper%2C+Jörg%22">Kämper, Jörg</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kahmann%2C+Regine%22">Kahmann, Regine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bölker%2C+Michael%22">Bölker, Michael</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ma%2C+Li-Jun%22">Ma, Li-Jun</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brefort%2C+Thomas%22">Brefort, Thomas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saville%2C+Barry+J%2E%22">Saville, Barry J.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Banuett%2C+Flora%22">Banuett, Flora</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kronstad%2C+James+W%2E%22">Kronstad, James W.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gold%2C+Scott+E%2E%22">Gold, Scott E.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Müller%2C+Olaf%22">Müller, Olaf</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Perlin%2C+Michael+H%2E%22">Perlin, Michael H.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wösten%2C+Han+A%2E+B%2E%22">Wösten, Han A. B.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+Vries%2C+Ronald%22">de Vries, Ronald</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ruiz-Herrera%2C+José%22">Ruiz-Herrera, José</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Reynaga-Peña%2C+Cristina+G%2E%22">Reynaga-Peña, Cristina G.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Snetselaar%2C+Karen%22">Snetselaar, Karen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McCann%2C+Michael%22">McCann, Michael</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pérez-Martín%2C+José%22">Pérez-Martín, José</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Feldbrügge%2C+Michael%22">Feldbrügge, Michael</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Basse%2C+Christoph+W%2E%22">Basse, Christoph W.</searchLink>
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  Data: Ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of maize and a well-established model organism for the study of plant–microbe interactions. This basidiomycete fungus does not use aggressive virulence strategies to kill its host. U. maydis belongs to the group of biotrophic parasites (the smuts) that depend on living tissue for proliferation and development. Here we report the genome sequence for a member of this economically important group of biotrophic fungi. The 20.5-million-base U. maydis genome assembly contains 6,902 predicted protein-encoding genes and lacks pathogenicity signatures found in the genomes of aggressive pathogenic fungi, for example a battery of cell-wall-degrading enzymes. However, we detected unexpected genomic features responsible for the pathogenicity of this organism. Specifically, we found 12 clusters of genes encoding small secreted proteins with unknown function. A significant fraction of these genes exists in small gene families. Expression analysis showed that most of the genes contained in these clusters are regulated together and induced in infected tissue. Deletion of individual clusters altered the virulence of U. maydis in five cases, ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to hypervirulence. Despite years of research into the mechanism of pathogenicity in U. maydis, no ‘true’ virulence factors had been previously identified. Thus, the discovery of the secreted protein gene clusters and the functional demonstration of their decisive role in the infection process illuminate previously unknown mechanisms of pathogenicity operating in biotrophic fungi. Genomic analysis is, similarly, likely to open up new avenues for the discovery of virulence determinants in other pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Nature is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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