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Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users.

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Title: Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users.
Authors: Bloor, Roger N. (AUTHOR), Wang, Tianshu S. (AUTHOR), Španěl, Patrik (AUTHOR), Smith, David (AUTHOR)
Source: Addiction. Oct2008, Vol. 103 Issue 10, p1671-1677. 7p. 3 Charts, 1 Graph.
Subjects: Physiological effects of marijuana, Cannabis (Genus), Drugs of abuse, Marijuana abuse
Abstract: Aims To use selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) to analyse the molecular species emitted by heated ‘street’ cannabis plant material, especially targeting ammonia. Materials and methods Samples of ‘street’ cannabis leaf, held under a UK Home Office licence, were prepared by finely chopping and mixing the material. The samples were then heated in commercially available devices. The air containing the released gaseous compounds was sampled into the SIFT-MS instrument for analysis. Smoke from standard 3% National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) cannabis cigarettes was also analysed. Findings For ‘street’ cannabis, ammonia was present in the air samples from the devices at levels approaching 200 parts per million (p.p.m.). This is compared with peak levels of 10 p.p.m. using NIDA samples of known provenance and tetrahydrocannabinol content (3%). Several other compounds were present at lower levels, including acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, acetic acid and uncharacterized terpenes. Conclusions Awareness of the risks of inhaling the smoke directly from burning cannabis has led to the development of a number of alternative methods of delivery, which are claimed to be safer than direct smoking. Ammonia at toxic levels is produced from heating ‘street’ cannabis in these commercially available devices. Thus, the use of these devices to deliver ‘street’ cannabis is now open to question and further research is needed to investigate their safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bloor%2C+Roger+N%2E%22">Bloor, Roger N.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Tianshu+S%2E%22">Wang, Tianshu S.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Španěl%2C+Patrik%22">Španěl, Patrik</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smith%2C+David%22">Smith, David</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Addiction%22">Addiction</searchLink>. Oct2008, Vol. 103 Issue 10, p1671-1677. 7p. 3 Charts, 1 Graph.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiological+effects+of+marijuana%22">Physiological effects of marijuana</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cannabis+%28Genus%29%22">Cannabis (Genus)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drugs+of+abuse%22">Drugs of abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Marijuana+abuse%22">Marijuana abuse</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims To use selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) to analyse the molecular species emitted by heated ‘street’ cannabis plant material, especially targeting ammonia. Materials and methods Samples of ‘street’ cannabis leaf, held under a UK Home Office licence, were prepared by finely chopping and mixing the material. The samples were then heated in commercially available devices. The air containing the released gaseous compounds was sampled into the SIFT-MS instrument for analysis. Smoke from standard 3% National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) cannabis cigarettes was also analysed. Findings For ‘street’ cannabis, ammonia was present in the air samples from the devices at levels approaching 200 parts per million (p.p.m.). This is compared with peak levels of 10 p.p.m. using NIDA samples of known provenance and tetrahydrocannabinol content (3%). Several other compounds were present at lower levels, including acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, acetic acid and uncharacterized terpenes. Conclusions Awareness of the risks of inhaling the smoke directly from burning cannabis has led to the development of a number of alternative methods of delivery, which are claimed to be safer than direct smoking. Ammonia at toxic levels is produced from heating ‘street’ cannabis in these commercially available devices. Thus, the use of these devices to deliver ‘street’ cannabis is now open to question and further research is needed to investigate their safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02281.x
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        Text: English
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              M: 10
              Text: Oct2008
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