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Circadian clock genes and sleep homeostasis.

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Title: Circadian clock genes and sleep homeostasis.
Authors: Franken, P. (AUTHOR), Dijk, D.‐J. (AUTHOR)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience. May2009, Vol. 29 Issue 9, p1820-1829. 10p. 1 Chart, 2 Graphs.
Subjects: Circadian rhythms, Sleep-wake cycle, Sleep, Homeostasis, Physiological control systems, Wakefulness, Gene expression, Brain
Abstract: Circadian and sleep-homeostatic processes both contribute to sleep timing and sleep structure. Elimination of circadian rhythms through lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the master circadian pacemaker, leads to fragmentation of wakefulness and sleep but does not eliminate the homeostatic response to sleep loss as indexed by the increase in EEG delta power. In humans, EEG delta power declines during sleep episodes nearly independently of circadian phase. Such observations have contributed to the prevailing notion that circadian and homeostatic processes are separate but recent data imply that this segregation may not extend to the molecular level. Here we summarize the criteria and evidence for a role for clock genes in sleep homeostasis. Studies in mice with targeted disruption for core circadian clock genes have revealed alterations in circadian rhythmicity as well as changes in sleep duration, sleep structure and EEG delta power. Clock-gene expression in brain areas outside the SCN, in particular the cerebral cortex, depends to a large extent on prior sleep–wake history. Evidence for effects of clock genes on sleep homeostasis has also been obtained in Drosophila and humans, pointing to a phylogenetically preserved pathway. These findings suggest that, while within the SCN clock genes are utilized to set internal time-of-day, in the forebrain the same feedback circuitry may be utilized to track time spent awake and asleep. The mechanisms by which clock-gene expression is coupled to the sleep–wake distribution could be through cellular energy charge whereby clock genes act as energy sensors. The data underscore the interrelationships between energy metabolism, circadian rhythmicity, and sleep regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Circadian clock genes and sleep homeostasis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Franken%2C+P%2E%22">Franken, P.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dijk%2C+D%2E‐J%2E%22">Dijk, D.‐J.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Journal+of+Neuroscience%22">European Journal of Neuroscience</searchLink>. May2009, Vol. 29 Issue 9, p1820-1829. 10p. 1 Chart, 2 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Circadian+rhythms%22">Circadian rhythms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sleep-wake+cycle%22">Sleep-wake cycle</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sleep%22">Sleep</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Homeostasis%22">Homeostasis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiological+control+systems%22">Physiological control systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wakefulness%22">Wakefulness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gene+expression%22">Gene expression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain%22">Brain</searchLink>
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  Data: Circadian and sleep-homeostatic processes both contribute to sleep timing and sleep structure. Elimination of circadian rhythms through lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the master circadian pacemaker, leads to fragmentation of wakefulness and sleep but does not eliminate the homeostatic response to sleep loss as indexed by the increase in EEG delta power. In humans, EEG delta power declines during sleep episodes nearly independently of circadian phase. Such observations have contributed to the prevailing notion that circadian and homeostatic processes are separate but recent data imply that this segregation may not extend to the molecular level. Here we summarize the criteria and evidence for a role for clock genes in sleep homeostasis. Studies in mice with targeted disruption for core circadian clock genes have revealed alterations in circadian rhythmicity as well as changes in sleep duration, sleep structure and EEG delta power. Clock-gene expression in brain areas outside the SCN, in particular the cerebral cortex, depends to a large extent on prior sleep–wake history. Evidence for effects of clock genes on sleep homeostasis has also been obtained in Drosophila and humans, pointing to a phylogenetically preserved pathway. These findings suggest that, while within the SCN clock genes are utilized to set internal time-of-day, in the forebrain the same feedback circuitry may be utilized to track time spent awake and asleep. The mechanisms by which clock-gene expression is coupled to the sleep–wake distribution could be through cellular energy charge whereby clock genes act as energy sensors. The data underscore the interrelationships between energy metabolism, circadian rhythmicity, and sleep regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of European Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=pbh&AN=38802357
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        Value: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06723.x
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Circadian rhythms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sleep-wake cycle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sleep
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Homeostasis
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      – SubjectFull: Physiological control systems
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      – SubjectFull: Wakefulness
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      – SubjectFull: Gene expression
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      – SubjectFull: Brain
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            NameFull: Franken, P.
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            NameFull: Dijk, D.‐J.
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              Text: May2009
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