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No sodium in the vapour plumes of Enceladus.

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Title: No sodium in the vapour plumes of Enceladus.
Authors: Schneider, Nicholas M., Burger, Matthew H., Schaller, Emily L., Brown, Michael E., Johnson, Robert E., Kargel, Jeffrey S., Dougherty, Michele K., Achilleos, Nicholas A.
Source: Nature. 6/25/2009, Vol. 459 Issue 7250, p1102-1104. 3p. 1 Illustration, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs.
Subjects: Enceladus (Satellite), Satellites of Saturn, Atmospheric water vapor, Glacial erosion, Sodium, Salt, Salinity, Geysers, Saturn (Planet)
Abstract: The discovery of water vapour and ice particles erupting from Saturn’s moon Enceladus fuelled speculation that an internal ocean was the source. Alternatively, the source might be ice warmed, melted or crushed by tectonic motions. Sodium chloride (that is, salt) is expected to be present in a long-lived ocean in contact with a rocky core. Here we report a ground-based spectroscopic search for atomic sodium near Enceladus that places an upper limit on the mixing ratio in the vapour plumes orders of magnitude below the expected ocean salinity. The low sodium content of escaping vapour, together with the small fraction of salt-bearing particles, argues against a situation in which a near-surface geyser is fuelled by a salty ocean through cracks in the crust. The lack of observable sodium in the vapour is consistent with a wide variety of alternative eruption sources, including a deep ocean, a freshwater reservoir, or ice. The existing data may be insufficient to distinguish between these hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nature is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: No sodium in the vapour plumes of Enceladus.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nature%22">Nature</searchLink>. 6/25/2009, Vol. 459 Issue 7250, p1102-1104. 3p. 1 Illustration, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Enceladus+%28Satellite%29%22">Enceladus (Satellite)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Satellites+of+Saturn%22">Satellites of Saturn</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+water+vapor%22">Atmospheric water vapor</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glacial+erosion%22">Glacial erosion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sodium%22">Sodium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Salt%22">Salt</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Salinity%22">Salinity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geysers%22">Geysers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Saturn+%28Planet%29%22">Saturn (Planet)</searchLink>
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  Data: The discovery of water vapour and ice particles erupting from Saturn’s moon Enceladus fuelled speculation that an internal ocean was the source. Alternatively, the source might be ice warmed, melted or crushed by tectonic motions. Sodium chloride (that is, salt) is expected to be present in a long-lived ocean in contact with a rocky core. Here we report a ground-based spectroscopic search for atomic sodium near Enceladus that places an upper limit on the mixing ratio in the vapour plumes orders of magnitude below the expected ocean salinity. The low sodium content of escaping vapour, together with the small fraction of salt-bearing particles, argues against a situation in which a near-surface geyser is fuelled by a salty ocean through cracks in the crust. The lack of observable sodium in the vapour is consistent with a wide variety of alternative eruption sources, including a deep ocean, a freshwater reservoir, or ice. The existing data may be insufficient to distinguish between these hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Nature is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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