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The urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking.

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Title: The urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking.
Authors: Dols, M. (AUTHOR), Hout, M. van den (AUTHOR), Kindt, M. (AUTHOR), Willems, B. (AUTHOR)
Source: Addiction. Jan2002, Vol. 97 Issue 1, p87-93. 7p. 1 Chart.
Subjects: Smoking, Classical conditioning
Abstract: Aims An earlier study (Dols et al. 2000) suggested that cue‐induced urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking. The present study tried to replicate the findings under stringently controlled conditions. Design A 2 (context) × 2 (cues) × 6 (trial) within‐subject design. Each smoker entered two different contexts; one context predicted the future occurrence of smoking (i.e. one puff of a cigarette) and one context predicted the non‐occurrence of smoking. In each context smokers were exposed to smoking cues (i.e. cigarettes and lighter) or not. Setting Laboratory at Maastricht University. Participants Thirty‐two daily smokers, smoking at least five cigarettes a day for at least 2 years. Measurements. Participants reported their urge to smoke in each context in the presence and absence of smoking cues using a computerized visual analogue scale (VAS). Findings The results revealed that the urge to smoke was higher in a context in which smoking was expected relative to a context in which it was not expected. As in the previous study the urge‐inducing effect of smoking cues was larger in the smoking context than in the non‐smoking context. Moreover, smoking cues did not have a significant effect in the non‐smoking context. Conclusions It was shown that smoking cues elicit craving due mainly to a generated expectation of the occurrence of smoking and less due to salience or long history of associative learning. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: The urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dols%2C+M%2E%22">Dols, M.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hout%2C+M%2E+van+den%22">Hout, M. van den</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kindt%2C+M%2E%22">Kindt, M.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Willems%2C+B%2E%22">Willems, B.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Addiction%22">Addiction</searchLink>. Jan2002, Vol. 97 Issue 1, p87-93. 7p. 1 Chart.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smoking%22">Smoking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Classical+conditioning%22">Classical conditioning</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims An earlier study (Dols et al. 2000) suggested that cue‐induced urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking. The present study tried to replicate the findings under stringently controlled conditions. Design A 2 (context) × 2 (cues) × 6 (trial) within‐subject design. Each smoker entered two different contexts; one context predicted the future occurrence of smoking (i.e. one puff of a cigarette) and one context predicted the non‐occurrence of smoking. In each context smokers were exposed to smoking cues (i.e. cigarettes and lighter) or not. Setting Laboratory at Maastricht University. Participants Thirty‐two daily smokers, smoking at least five cigarettes a day for at least 2 years. Measurements. Participants reported their urge to smoke in each context in the presence and absence of smoking cues using a computerized visual analogue scale (VAS). Findings The results revealed that the urge to smoke was higher in a context in which smoking was expected relative to a context in which it was not expected. As in the previous study the urge‐inducing effect of smoking cues was larger in the smoking context than in the non‐smoking context. Moreover, smoking cues did not have a significant effect in the non‐smoking context. Conclusions It was shown that smoking cues elicit craving due mainly to a generated expectation of the occurrence of smoking and less due to salience or long history of associative learning. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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