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Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Incidence of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in 15 European Cohorts within the ESCAPE Project.

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Title:	Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Incidence of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in 15 European Cohorts within the ESCAPE Project.
Authors:	Andersen, Zorana J.¹ zorana.andersen@sund.ku.dk, Stafoggia, Massimo^2,3, Weinmayr, Gudrun⁴, Pedersen, Marie^1,5, Galassi, Claudia⁶, Jørgensen, Jeanette T.¹, Oudin, Anna⁷, Forsberg, Bertil⁷, Olsson, David⁷, Oftedal, Bente⁸, Aasvang, Gunn Marit⁸, Aamodt, Geir⁸, Pyko, Andrei³, Pershagen, Göran³, Korek, Michal³, De Faire, Ulf³, Pedersen, Nancy L.⁹, Östenson, Claes-Göran¹⁰, Fratiglioni, Laura¹¹, Eriksen, Kirsten T.⁵
Source:	Environmental Health Perspectives. Oct2017, Vol. 125 Issue 10, p1-14. 14p. 10 Charts, 1 Map.
Subject Terms:	Air pollution, Automobiles, Epidemiological research, Nitrogen oxides, Environmental exposure, Particulate matter, Breast tumors, Chi-squared test, Confidence intervals, Longitudinal method, Medical cooperation, Meta-analysis, Probability theory, Regression analysis, Research, Research funding, Evidence-based medicine, Professional practice, Statistical significance, Proportional hazards models, Postmenopause, Data analysis software, Descriptive statistics, Odds ratio
Geographic Terms:	Europe
Abstract:	BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. METHODS: In 15 cohorts from nine European countries, individual estimates of air pollution levels at the residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts - Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM) projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2:5 μm, ≤10 μm, and 2:5-10 μm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse, respectively); PM2.5 absorbance; nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx); traffic intensity; and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations between breast cancer and air pollutants using Cox regression models, adjusting for major lifestyle risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Of 74,750 postmenopausal women included in the study, 3,612 developed breast cancer during 991,353 person-years of follow-up. We found positive and statistically insignificant associations between breast cancer and PM2.5 {hazard ratio (HR)=1:08 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 1.51] per 5 μg = m3}, PM10 [1.07 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.30) per 10 μg = m3], PMcoarse [1.20 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.49 per 5 μg = m3], and NO2 [1.02 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.07 per 10 μg = m3], and a statistically significant association with NOx [1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) per 20 μg = m3, p = 0:04]. CONCLUSIONS: We found suggestive evidence of an association between ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Abstract:	BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. METHODS: In 15 cohorts from nine European countries, individual estimates of air pollution levels at the residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts - Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM) projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2:5 μm, ≤10 μm, and 2:5-10 μm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse, respectively); PM2.5 absorbance; nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx); traffic intensity; and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations between breast cancer and air pollutants using Cox regression models, adjusting for major lifestyle risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Of 74,750 postmenopausal women included in the study, 3,612 developed breast cancer during 991,353 person-years of follow-up. We found positive and statistically insignificant associations between breast cancer and PM2.5 {hazard ratio (HR)=1:08 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 1.51] per 5 μg = m3}, PM10 [1.07 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.30) per 10 μg = m3], PMcoarse [1.20 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.49 per 5 μg = m3], and NO2 [1.02 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.07 per 10 μg = m3], and a statistically significant association with NOx [1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) per 20 μg = m3, p = 0:04]. CONCLUSIONS: We found suggestive evidence of an association between ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:	00916765
DOI:	10.1289/EHP1742