Natural Radioactivity and Metals in Pit Lakes in Sweden Analyzed by Principal Component and Cluster Analysis.
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| Title: | Natural Radioactivity and Metals in Pit Lakes in Sweden Analyzed by Principal Component and Cluster Analysis. |
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| Alternate Title: | Analyse der natürlichen Radioaktivität und Metalle in Restseen in Schweden mittels Hauptkomponenten- und Clusteranalyse. Radiactividad natural y metales en los lagos de hoyo de mina de Suecia analizados mediante análisis de componentes principales y de conglomerados. 主成分分析法和聚类分析法研究矿坑湖的天然放射性和金属含量（瑞典） |
| Authors: | Thomas, Rimon1 (AUTHOR) rimon.thomas@gu.se, Piñero-García, Francisco1 (AUTHOR), Forssell-Aronsson, Eva1,2 (AUTHOR), Mantero, Juan1,3 (AUTHOR), Isaksson, Mats1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Mine Water & the Environment. Sep2022, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p695-703. 9p. |
| Subject Terms: | *Lakes, *Metals, *Alkali metals, *Water quality, *Trace elements, Natural radioactivity, Principal components analysis |
| Geographic Terms: | Sweden |
| Abstract (English): | The aim of this work was to determine which parameters are sufficient to measure in order to describe the water quality of a pit lake and to identify patterns in the data among different kind of pit lakes. The data consisted of ambient dose equivalent rate, elemental and radionuclide concentration, pH, and specific conductance in surface water and sediment samples collected from different types of mines. Data were tested for normality and log-normality and used in principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The normality tests indicated that only 40K was normally distributed, while only the 234,238U isotopes were log-normally distributed. HCA performed on parameters measured in surface water provided clusters that in most cases separated the elements according to their chemical groups. However, when HCA was performed on pit lakes, the clustering seemed to indicate that surface water might not be the preferred sample to differentiate between different types of pit lakes. PCA of surface water data resulted in three components that explained 72% of the variance when pH, SC, concentration of the elements Mg, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb, activity concentration of 234,238U and 210Po, and ambient dose equivalent rate were included. For surface sediment data, the PCA resulted in three components explaining 83% of the variance when the concentration of Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Y, Tl, activity concentration of 234Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th (series average), and 40K, and ambient dose equivalent rate were included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Abstract (Spanish): | Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo era determinar qué parámetros es suficiente medir para describir la calidad del agua de un lago de mina e identificar patrones en los datos entre diferentes tipos de lagos de mina. Los datos consistieron en la tasa de dosis equivalente ambiental, la concentración de elementos y radionúclidos, el pH y la conductancia específica en muestras de agua superficial y sedimentos recogidas en diferentes tipos de minas. Los datos se sometieron a pruebas de normalidad y log-normalidad y se utilizaron en el análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y en el análisis jerárquico de conglomerados (HCA). Las pruebas de normalidad indicaron que sólo el 40K tenía una distribución normal, mientras que sólo los isótopos 234U y 238U tenían una distribución log-normal. El HCA realizado sobre parámetros medidos en aguas superficiales proporcionó clusters que en la mayoría de los casos separaban los elementos según sus grupos químicos. Sin embargo, cuando el HCA se realizó en lagos de hoyo de mina, la agrupación parecía indicar que el agua superficial podría no ser la muestra preferida para diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de lagos. El ACP de los datos de las aguas superficiales dio como resultado tres componentes que explicaban el 72% de la varianza cuando se incluyeron el pH, la SC, la concentración de los elementos Mg, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb, la concentración de actividad de 234U, 238U y 210Po, y la tasa equivalente de dosis ambiental. Para los datos de los sedimentos superficiales, el ACP dio como resultado tres componentes que explicaban el 83% de la varianza cuando se incluyó la concentración de Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Y, Tl, la concentración de actividad de 234Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th (media de la serie) y 40K, y la tasa equivalente de dosis ambiental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Abstract (German): | Zusammenfassung: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, festzustellen, welche Parameter zur Beschreibung der Wasserqualität eines Restsees und zur Erkennung von Mustern in den Daten verschiedener Arten von Restseen relevant sind. Die Daten umfassten die Äquivalentdosisleistung, die Element- und Radionuklidkonzentration, den pH-Wert und die spezifische Leitfähigkeit in Oberflächenwasser- und Sedimentproben, welche aus verschiedenen Bergwerken entnommen wurden. Die Daten wurden auf Normalität und Lognormalität geprüft und einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) und einer hierarchischen Clusteranalyse (HCA) unterzogen. Die statistischen Tests ergaben, dass nur 40-K normalverteilt war, während die Isotope 234-U und 238-U lognormalverteilt waren. Die HCA mit den Parametern des Oberflächenwassers lieferte Cluster, die in den meisten Fällen die Elemente nach ihren chemischen Gruppen trennten. Die HCA an Restseen wies darauf hin, dass Oberflächenwasser möglicherweise nicht zur Unterscheidung von verschiedenen Typen von Restseen geeignet war. Die PCA von Daten aus Oberflächenwässern ergab drei Komponenten, die 72% der Varianz erklärten, wenn der pH-Wert, die spezifische Leitfähigkeit, die Konzentrationen der Elemente Mg, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb, die Aktivitätskonzentrationen von 234-U, 238-U und 210-Po sowie die Äquivalentdosisleistung der Umgebung einbezogen wurden. Bei den Sedimentdaten aus Oberflächenwässern ergab die PCA drei Komponenten, die 83% der Varianz erklärten, wenn die Konzentrationen von Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Y, Tl, die Aktivitätskonzentrationen von 234-Th, 226-Ra, 210-Pb, 232-Th (Seriendurchschnitt) und 40-K sowie die Äquivalentdosisleistung der Umgebung einbezogen wurden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Abstract (Chinese): | 抽象的: 研究旨在确定用哪些测量参数足以描述矿坑湖水质和确定各类型矿坑湖水质的数据模式。数据包括各类矿区地表水和沉积物样品的周围剂量当量率、元素和放射性核素浓度、pH值和电导率 (SC) 。数据正态检验和对数正态检验之后, 再主成分分析 (PCA) 和层次聚类分析 (HCA) 。正态检验表明, 只有40 K为正态分布, 仅同位素234U和238U属对数正态分布。地表水的测量参数的层次聚类分析 (HCA) 多呈现基于化学分组的元素聚类。然而, 矿坑湖水的层次聚类分析 (HCA) 表明, 似乎地表水还不是区分各类矿坑湖的最佳样品。当测量参数包括pH值、电导率 (SC) 、元素浓度 (Mg、K、Ca、Cu、Zn、Sr、Pb) 、放射性浓度 (234U、238 U和210 Po) 和周围剂量当量率时, 地表水数据主成分分析 (PCA) 的三个主成分可以解释72%的方差。当测量参数包括元素浓度 (Na、Mg、Al、P、K、Ca、Rb、Sr、Y和Tl) 、放射性浓度 (234 Th、226 Ra、210 Pb、232 Th(系列平均值) 和40 K)和周围剂量当量率时, 表层沉积物数据主成分分析 (PCA) 得出的三个主成分可以解释83%的方差。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Database: | GreenFILE |
| Abstract: | The aim of this work was to determine which parameters are sufficient to measure in order to describe the water quality of a pit lake and to identify patterns in the data among different kind of pit lakes. The data consisted of ambient dose equivalent rate, elemental and radionuclide concentration, pH, and specific conductance in surface water and sediment samples collected from different types of mines. Data were tested for normality and log-normality and used in principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The normality tests indicated that only 40K was normally distributed, while only the 234,238U isotopes were log-normally distributed. HCA performed on parameters measured in surface water provided clusters that in most cases separated the elements according to their chemical groups. However, when HCA was performed on pit lakes, the clustering seemed to indicate that surface water might not be the preferred sample to differentiate between different types of pit lakes. PCA of surface water data resulted in three components that explained 72% of the variance when pH, SC, concentration of the elements Mg, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb, activity concentration of 234,238U and 210Po, and ambient dose equivalent rate were included. For surface sediment data, the PCA resulted in three components explaining 83% of the variance when the concentration of Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Y, Tl, activity concentration of 234Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th (series average), and 40K, and ambient dose equivalent rate were included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 10259112 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s10230-022-00888-1 |
