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Recent advances in black phosphorus: Synthesis, characterization, surface functionalization, defect tailoring and photocatalytic applications.

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Title: Recent advances in black phosphorus: Synthesis, characterization, surface functionalization, defect tailoring and photocatalytic applications.
Authors: Hayat, Asif1 (AUTHOR), Emara, Ashraf M.2 (AUTHOR), Orooji, Yasin3,4 (AUTHOR), Alghamdi, Majed M.5 (AUTHOR), El-Zahhar, Adel A.5 (AUTHOR), Abu-Dief, Ahmed M.6,7 (AUTHOR), Hassan, Hassan M.A.8 (AUTHOR), Guo, Sheng-Rong1 (AUTHOR) guosr9609@lsu.edu.cn, Ali, Hamid1,9 (AUTHOR) hamidpu422@hotmail.com
Source: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. Feb2026, Vol. 227, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: Photocatalysts, Two-dimensional materials (Nanotechnology), Surface preparation, Materials testing, Chemical synthesis, Phosphorene
Abstract: Black phosphorus (BP) is a layer two-dimensional material with a tunable direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, and pronounced in-plane anisotropy, making it highly attractive for energy and photocatalytic applications. Its unique electronic and optical properties enable efficient light absorption, rapid charge transport, and effective electrons-holes separation, which are essential for sustainable energy technologies. In the context of the ongoing energy crisis, BP-based materials have shown great promise in photocatalytic performance such as hydrogen production, overall water splitting, oxygen evolution, CO 2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, and pollutant degradation, offering a pathway toward renewable and clean energy generation. This review comprehensively covers recent advances in BP, including its crystal and band structure, characterizations, anisotropic behavior, defect engineering, surface properties, morphology, and functionalization, as well as state-of-the-art synthesis techniques that enhance stability and photocatalytic performance. By integrating these aspects, our review highlights strategies to overcome current limitations, making it a valuable roadmap for developing next-generation BP-based photocatalysts and energy conversion systems. [Display omitted] • BP is a 2D anisotropy material having an intrinsic bandgap and remarkable features. • Advancements made in the synthesis of BP and BP-based composites has been discussed in detail. • The Raman, optical, crystal, band, mechanical, and thermal attributes of BP are investigated. • The anisotropy physical properties and defect structure of BP were briefly examined. • Photocatalytic applications of BP have been discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Abstract:Black phosphorus (BP) is a layer two-dimensional material with a tunable direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, and pronounced in-plane anisotropy, making it highly attractive for energy and photocatalytic applications. Its unique electronic and optical properties enable efficient light absorption, rapid charge transport, and effective electrons-holes separation, which are essential for sustainable energy technologies. In the context of the ongoing energy crisis, BP-based materials have shown great promise in photocatalytic performance such as hydrogen production, overall water splitting, oxygen evolution, CO 2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, and pollutant degradation, offering a pathway toward renewable and clean energy generation. This review comprehensively covers recent advances in BP, including its crystal and band structure, characterizations, anisotropic behavior, defect engineering, surface properties, morphology, and functionalization, as well as state-of-the-art synthesis techniques that enhance stability and photocatalytic performance. By integrating these aspects, our review highlights strategies to overcome current limitations, making it a valuable roadmap for developing next-generation BP-based photocatalysts and energy conversion systems. [Display omitted] • BP is a 2D anisotropy material having an intrinsic bandgap and remarkable features. • Advancements made in the synthesis of BP and BP-based composites has been discussed in detail. • The Raman, optical, crystal, band, mechanical, and thermal attributes of BP are investigated. • The anisotropy physical properties and defect structure of BP were briefly examined. • Photocatalytic applications of BP have been discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:13640321
DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116535